Rupture characteristics of the 2003 Mw 7.6 mid-Indian Ocean earthquake: Implications for seismic properties of young oceanic lithosphere

摘要

Analysis of broadband seismograms from the 15 July 2003 large earthquake (M 7.6) in the central Indian Ocean reveals an unusual source process. The source duration of longer than a minute is more than twice as long as expected from earthquake scaling relations, yet ～80% of the moment release occurred in two energetic asperities near the end of the rupture. These two asperities were located in lithosphere with an age of 7 Ma or greater. A previous study has suggested that strike-slip earthquakes in oceanic lithosphere having much longer than expected source durations also have a slow, dissipative rupture process characterized by low radiated seismic energy (and therefore low apparent stress). We find no evidence for a slow rupture process to the 2003 earthquake. Instead, the long duration appears to be due only to nucleation close to the actively spreading Carlsberg Ridge, in lithosphere younger than 7 Ma. Younger oceanic lithosphere may be able to generate small to moderate earthquakes but be unable to sustain slip in a large event due to steady release of strain in aseismic creep events. Large strike-slip earthquakes within oceanic lithosphere may occur only in the central portions of long transform faults or in intraplate regions, rupturing energetic asperities like those that failed in the mid-Indian Ocean earthquake and leading to the observation that oceanic strike-slip earthquakes have the largest apparent stresses among the global population of shallow earthquakes.