Carry-over effects of ozone and water stress on leaf phenological characteristics and bud frost hardiness of Fagus crenata seedlings

摘要

We examined the carry-over effects of ozone (O3) and/or water stress on leaf phenological characteristics and bud frost hardiness of Fagus crenata seedlings. Three-year-old seedlings were exposed to charcoal-filtered air or 60 nl l–1 O3, 7 h a day, from May to October 1999 in naturally-lit growth chambers. Half of the seedlings in each gas treatment received 250 ml of water at 3-day intervals (well-watered treatment), while the rest received 175 ml of water at the same intervals (water-stressed treatment). All the seedlings were moved from the growth chambers to an experimental field on October 1999, and grown until April 2000 under field conditions. The exposure to O3 during the growing season induced early leaf fall and reduction in leaf non-structural carbohydrates concentrations in the early autumn, as well as resulting in late bud break and reduction in the number of leaves per bud in the following spring. However, O3 did not affect bud frost hardiness in the following winter. On the contrary, water stress did not affect leaf phenological characteristics, leaf and bud non-structural carbohydrates concentrations and bud frost hardiness. There were no significant synergistic or antagonistic effects of O3 and water stress on leaf phenological characteristics, concentrations of leaf and bud non-structural carbohydrates and bud frost hardiness of the seedlings. These results show that the carry-over effects of O3 can be found on the phenological characteristics and leaf non-structural carbohydrates concentrations, although there are almost no carry-over effects of water stress on phenological characteristics and winter hardiness of the seedlings.