A revision of the genera Pseudosmittia Edwards, 1932, Allocladius Kieffer, 1913, and Hydrosmittia gen. n. (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae)

摘要

The genera Pseudosmittia Edwards, 1932, and Allocladius Kieffer, 1913, supported by parsimony analysis, can be divided into three groups, Pseudosmittia, Allocladius and Hydrosmittia gen. n. Generic diagnoses to all stages and both sexes of all three genera are given. The mostly Neotropical and Afrotropical Allocladius together with the mostly Holarc-tic and Afrotropical Hydrosmittia form the sister group of the more widespread Pseudosmittia. Allocladius in addition to some basal species is divided into a paraphyletic nearly Cosmopolitan fortispinatus group, a monotypic Afrotropical soemmei group, an Afrotropical and Palaearctic niger group, a Holarctic nanseni group, and a Neotropical, Afrotropical and Holarctic longicrus group; Hydrosmittia into anAfrotropical and Palaearctic brevicornis group and a mostly Holarctic ruttneri group. Pseudosmittia is divided into 13 species groups in phyletic sequence: gracilis [simplex + rotunda (topei (digitata (xanthostola + brachydicrana + insulsa)], [conjuncta(tokaraneoa + albipennis (brevifurcata (angusta group, divided into angusta, trilobata, lamasi, danconai, uncata and forcipata subgroups)]. The xanthostola and brachydicrana groups are with few exceptions known only from South Asia and the Indo-Pacificregion, while most other groups are present in most regions. Keys to male and female imagines, pupae and larvae of all three genera are given. Type material of 180 species assigned to Pseudosmittia, Camptocladius v. d. Wulp, Spaniotoma Philippi, SmittiaHolmgren, Mesosmittia Brundin, Orthosmittia Goetghebuer, Ancylocladius Sublette et Wirth, Allocladius Kieffer, and Lindebergia Tuiskunen, belonging to 15 museums have been re-examined, lectotypes designated, and new combinations and synonyms given. An additional 21 species are lost or could not be located, of these 5 are declared nomina dubia. Another 4 species were not available for study or not examined. Most of these could be placed in other genera or as synonyms of species in Pseudosmittia. One hundred and thirty species are treated, 37 of which are new, 93 species are completely redescribed in all available stages.