A review of the geckos of the genus Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Oman based on morphology, mitochondrial and nuclear data, with descriptionsof eight new species

摘要

The genus Hemidactylus is one of the most species-rich and widely distributed of all reptile genera, being found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and hundreds of continental and oceanic islands. Despite having already 111 species,the number of species described in recent years is very high. This has been facilitated, in part, by the use of molecular techniques, which in most cases have been employed to confirm the differentiation at the DNA level of some morphologically variableforms and to discover some cryptic lineages.Preliminary analyses indicate that some Hemidactylus species from Oman are quite variable in their morphology and may include more than one species. In order to test this hypothesis we inferred a molecular phylogeny including 131 Hemidactylus (20 species) using 1385 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA (353 bp 12S; 302 bp cytb; 588 bp nd4 and 142 bp tRNAs) and 1481 bp of nuclear DNA (403 bp c-mos; 668 bp mclr and 410 bp vagi) and analyzed 226 specimens (15 species) for several meristic and pholidotic characters of which we took 3103 photographs that have been deposited in MorphoBank (project 483). Our results indicate the presence of eight new species of Hemidactylus geckos in Arabia: H. luqueorum sp. nov. and H. hajarensis sp. nov. from North Oman; H. masirahensis sp. nov. from Masirah Island; H. inexpectatus sp. nov. from one locality on coastal Central Oman; H. alkiyumii sp. nov., H. festivus sp. nov. and H paucituberculatus sp. nov. from Dhofar, Southern Oman; and finally H. endophis sp. nov. probablyfrom North Oman and described on the basis of morphology alone. An identification key to the genus Hemidactylus from Oman is also presented. With these descriptions, the number of Hemidactylus species found in Oman increases from 7 to 13 and the number of endemic Hemidactylus from 0 to 6. The description of three new species endemic to the Hajar Mountains in North Oman highlights the importance of this mountain range as a biodiversity hotspot that, up to now, includes 12 reptile species that are found nowhere else in the World. Another hotspot of Hemidactylus biodiversity is the Dhofar Mountain range, in the extreme Southwestern corner of Oman and East Yemen. As a result of its particular geographic situation, orography and the effect of the SouthwestMonsoons, this mountain range presents a diverse variety of habitats with different species of Hemidactylus adapted to them.With the exception of H flaviviridis andH. leschenaultii, which belong to the Tropical Asian clade of Hemidactylus, all Arabian Hemidactylus for which DNA sequence is available are members of the Arid clade of Hemidactylus. Relatively recent dispersal appears to have taken place within Arabia in the H turcicus group, with the South Arabian H. lemurinus occurring far from other confirmed members of this assemblage. Hemidactylus flaviviridis and a clade of H robustus are genetically uniform, widespread inArabia and beyond and occur around human habitations, suggesting that much of their large distributions are anthropogenic, as appears to be so in several other Hemidactylus species outside Arabia.The way in which species of Arabian Hemidactylus separate ecologically is surprisingly varied. They may occur at similar altitudes but replace each other geographically, or if they are sympatric there may be altitudinal separation. Humidity may also be an important factor, and when animals exist within a few meters of each other, structural niche may be significant. While four native species occur close together in Dhofar, most Hemidactylus communities in Arabia consist of only one or two species, although climbing geckos belonging to other genera, such as Asaccus and Ptyodactylus, may also be present.