Prevention and treatment of thrombosis, phlebitis, and laminitis in horses with gastrointestinal diseases

摘要

Organ or disseminated thrombosis, phlebitis, and, to a large extent, laminitis are all vascular disorders and frequent complications in horses with gastrointestinal disease. Excessive loss of anticoagulant proteins into the bowel and systemic absorption of gut-derived toxins that promote inflammatory and procoagulant activities contribute to these vascular disorders. Prevention and treatment of organ thrombosis and laminitis include appropriate treatment of the primary intestinal disorder, replacement of deficient anticoagulant proteins, normalizing global perfusion and oxygenation, and inhibiting gut-derived toxins or their biologic products without causing injury to accessed veins (thrombophlebitis).