Objective: The development of a living, tissue-engineered vascular graft (TEVG) holds great promise for advancing the field of cardiovascular surgery. However, the ultimate source and time needed to procure these cells remain problematic. Induced puripotent stem (iPS) cells have recently been developed and have the potential for creating a pluripotent cell line from a patient's own somatic cells. In the present study, we evaluated the use of a sheet created from iPS cell-derived vascular cells as a potential source for the construction of TEVG. Methods: Male mouse iPS cells were differentiated into embryoid bodies using the hanging-drop method. Cell differentiation was confirmed by a decrease in the proportion of SSEA-1-positive cells over time using fluorescence- activated cell sorting. The expression of endothelial cell and smooth muscle cell markers was detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The differentiated iPS cell sheet was made using temperature-responsive dishes and then seeded onto a biodegradable scaffold composed of polyglycolic acid-poly-l-lactide and poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) with a diameter of 0.8 mm. These scaffolds were implanted as interposition grafts in the inferior vena cava of female severe combined immunodeficiency/beige mice (n = 15). Graft function was serially monitored using ultrasonography. The grafts were analyzed at 1, 4, and 10 weeks with histologic examination and immunohistochemistry. The behavior of seeded differentiated iPS cells was tracked using Y-chromosome fluorescent in situ hybridization and SRY real-time PCR. Results: All mice survived without thrombosis, aneurysm formation, graft rupture, or calcification. PCR evaluation of iPS cell sheets in vitro demonstrated increased expression of endothelial cell markers. Histologic evaluation of the grafts demonstrated endothelialization with von Willebrand factor and an inner layer with smooth muscle actin- and calponin-positive cells at 10 weeks. The number of seeded differentiated iPS cells was found to decrease over time using real-time PCR (42.2% at 1 week, 10.4% at 4 weeks, 9.8% at 10 weeks). A fraction of the iPS cells were found to be Y-chromosome fluorescent positive at 1 week. No iPS cells were found to co-localize with von Willebrand factor or smooth muscle actin-positive cells at 10 weeks. Conclusions: Differentiated iPS cells offer an alternative cell source for constructing TEVG. Seeded iPS cells exerted a paracrine effect to induce neotissue formation in the acute phase and were reduced in number by apoptosis at later time points. Sheet seeding of our TEVG represents a viable mode of iPS cell delivery over time.
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