Effect of tillage packages and herbicides on energy and economics of wheat in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) system.

摘要

A field experiment was conducted on clayey soil in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India during the winter season of 2003-04 and 2004-05 to determine the energy efficient and profitable tillage package and herbicide for wheat. After the harvest of transplanted rice, 12 treatment combinations consisting of 4 tillage packages: zero tillage immediately after rice (ZTr), zero tillage with chemical stale seedbed (ZTcs), conventional tillage (CT) and deep tillage (DT) as the main-plot treatments, and 3 weed control practices, i.e. weedy control, isoproturon at 1.0 kg/ha+2,4-D at 0.5 kg/ha and clodinafop at 0.06 kg/ha followed by 2,4-D at 0.5 kg/ha as the sub-plot treatments were laid out in a split-plot design replicated 4 times. The DT consisted of disc ploughing once+cultivator twice+rotavator and plant, the CT with cultivator twice+levellor and plant, and the ZTr comprised planting directly with zero-till seed drill in the presence of anchored rice residue. In ZTcs, emerged weeds were killed using glyphosate (1% solution) before crop sowing. The major weeds in the plots were Avena ludoviciana [A. sterilis subsp. ludoviciana], Phalaris minor, Medicago hispida [M. polymorpha], Chenopodium album, Vicia sativa and Lathyrus aphaca. The energy use efficiency was higher under both the ZT treatments (5.95 in ZTr and 5.93 in ZTcs) than in the CT (5.86) and DT (4.87). The net monetary return was higher under CT (Rs 10 423/ha) than under ZTr (Rs 9885/ha) but the benefit:cost ratio was higher under ZTr (2.07) than under CT (2.03). Application of clodinafop followed by 2,4-D was significantly superior in reducing weed dry weight over isoproturon+2,4-D and weedy control. Significantly higher grain yield was recorded under clodinafop followed by 2,4-D (4385 kg/ha), than isoproturon+2,4-D (2309 kg/ha). The energy use efficiency was higher under clodinafop followed by 2,4-D (7.85), followed by isproturon+2,4-D (5.13) over the weedy control (3.98). Clodinafop followed by 2,4-D attained higher B:C ratio (2.61) than isoproturon+2,4-D (1.66), whereas the minimum profitability (1.25) was recorded under the weedy control..