Application of Biotechnological Approaches to Minimize Pollution in Pulp and Paper Industries

摘要

The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest and most polluting industries in the world, The quantities and characteristics of the generated waste waters are highly dependent on raw materials, processes and process conditions used in the mill Conventional parameters such as organic and nutrient loadings, solid deposition and to chemical toxicants cause environmental impacts at community and population levels. The hazard assessment of pulp and paper mill effluents in the aquatic environment is acomplex task. Pulp and paper mill effluents pollute water, air and soil causing a major threat to the environment, Biotechnological minimization and bioremediation is a pollution control ecotechnology that uses biological systems to catalyze the degradation or transformation of various toxic chemicals to less harmful forms, In this broad aspect, biotechnology encompasses a diverse array of activities including fermentation, immobilized cell and enzyme technology, cell tissue culture and monoclonal antibody techniques. The general approaches to biotechnological minimization of pollution are to enhance natural biodegradation by native organisms (bioremediation), and to carry out environmental modification by applying nutrients or aeration (biostimulation). This article highlights the findings of several research and development organizations around the world to use biotechnological methods to minimize the pollution load in pulp and paper industry.