The influence of carbon dioxide on ring and ball formation in a pilot-scale rotary kiln has been investigated. The balls were found to have a higher specific surface area and a higher content of residual carbonate compared with the rings and dusts: this was probably due to a lower heat transfer rate. The influence of carbon dioxide on sintering proved to be different for the two lime muds investigated. One of them reached a minimum in specific surface area at about 10 weight-% and the other decreased its specific surface area with increasing residual carbonate. The strength of the balls increased with increasing residual carbonate. At constant temperature and partial pressures of carbon dioxide, the strength of the balls increases with time and the specific surface area decreases. Also, as the partial pressure of carbon increases, the reduction of the specific surface area becomes slower and the increase in strength becomes more rapid.
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