First Report of Phoma exigua var. populi Causing Canker of Twigs and Shoots of Poplar in the Czech Republic

摘要

During 2007 and the spring of 2008, a disease of poplars (Populus spp.) resembling the Dothichiza canker was found in plantations of fast-growing trees in central Bohemia and in southern Moravia where it was more abundant. The yellowish brown-to-brown, round or elongated cankers occurred on damaged shoots and twigs. Tissues directly under the bark were discolored and turned black. As the cankers enlarged, infected shoots and twigs died after several months. Small, black, gregarious pycnidia were observed under the bark or in lenticels after several weeks. The disease occurred on Populus nigra, P. x euroamericana cvs. Regenerata, Robusta, Brabantica, Spreewald, CZ-425/58, Blanc du Poitou, and Flaschlanden, and other Populus spp. Isolates of a species of Phoma were acquired by culturing damaged tissues on agar plates containing 3% oatmeal agar (OA) and 2% malt agar. Initial identification of the isolates was done by cultural and morphological characteristics. Colonies were floccose, aerial mycelium was olivaceous gray to gray, reverse olivaceous gray sometimes with darker tones at the margins or in the colony center, and NaOH reaction was negative. The growth rate was 42 to 56 in diameter after 7 days at 20 degree C on OA (optimum temperature for growth was 22 degree C with a minimum of 1 degree C and a maximum of 28 to 29 degree C). Pycnidia in culture scattered, were globose or subglobose, obviously with one nonpapillate ostiolum, olivaceous black or black, 120 to 370 mu m in diameter, and conidial exudate was whitish. Phialides were globose to ampulliform and 3 to 7 x 3 to 6 mu m. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoidal, often guttulate, 3.1 to 7.8 x 1.9 to 3.1 mu m, and L/B ratio 1.4:3.1. Septate conidia occurred only on natural substrate up to 10.6 x 3.9 mu m. Morphological and cultural characteristics resembled those of P. exiqua var. populi Gruyter & P. Scheer. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence (GenBank Accession No EU562206) for the representative isolate (CCF No 3759) confirmed 100% identity to P. exigua. Pathogenicity was confirmed with 1-year-old P. nigra plants during a 2-month greenhouse experiment at 15 to 20 degree C. Fifteen replicate plants were wounded (5-mm diameter), inoculated with 5-mm OA plugs from actively growing colonies (isolate CCF No 3759), and sealed by Parafilming. An additional 15 control plants following wounding were inoculated with a sterile agar plug. After 3 to 4 weeks, yellowish or brownish necrotic lesions ranging from 1 to 1.5 cm long developed on all inoculated plants. The pathogen was successfully reisolated from lesions and the control plants were asymptomatic. P. exigua var. populi is considered an opportunistic poplar and willow pathogen that becomes more important in winter. The pathogen potentially invades host tissues damaged by frost, sun scald, or weakened by excessive transpiration during sunny winter days. To our knowledge, this is the first record of the pathogen on poplars in the Czech Republic, which may have an economic impact on short-rotation coppice plantations.