Personalizing the management of heart failure in congenital heart disease: Challenges and opportunities

摘要

Heart defects are among the most prevalent congenital anomalies, afflicting an estimated nine per 1000 live births [1]. Over the past few decades, major advances in care have resulted in a dramatic reduction in mortality, particularly in children with severe forms of congenital heart disease (CHD), giving rise to a rapidly growing and aging population of survivors [2]. This medical triumph is, however, tempered by the realization that following corrective surgery, patients cannot be considered cured by virtue of common sequelae and long-term complications related to their CHD, surgical repair, and hypoxic, thromboembolic, and/or hemodynamic ramifications.