摘要：Placebo analysis:replicates the primary analysis with theoutcome replaced by a pseudo-outcome that is known not to beaffected by the treatment.Thus,the true value of the estimandfor this pseudo-outcome is zero,and the goal of thesupplementary analysis is to assess whether the adjustmentmethods employed in the primary analysis,when applied to thepseudo-outcome,lead to estimates that are close to zero.Theseare not standard specification tests that suggest alternativespecifications when the null hypothesis is rejected.Theimplication of rejection here is that it is possible the originalanalysis was not credible at all.
