Les énergies renouvelables dans la lutte contre le changement climatique et la préservation des ressources

摘要

Les énergies renouvelables, issues du soleil ou de la chaleur de la terre, sont inépuisables et la ressource qu'elles représentent est plus de 10000 fois supérieure à la consommation d'énergie de l'humanité. Elles n'ont que des impacts maîtrisables sur l'environnement et ne produisent pas de gaz à effet de serre pendant leur exploitation. A ce titre, leur développement est l'un des moyens de lutte contre le changement climatique. Dans les trois types d'usage de l'énergie, carburants pour les transports, chaleur et électricité, les technologies existent et ont commencé à se développer rapidement, en particulier en Allemagne, Danemark, Espagne ou Japon. La France a pris des dispositions récentes, dans le cadre de la loi sur l'Energie de juillet 2005, qui vont lui permettre de combler son retard.%Renewable energy sources such as the sun and the heat of the ground are inexhaustible and represent a resource more than 10,000 times greater than the energy consumption of humanity. They have only manageable impacts on the environment and produce no greenhouse gases from their exploitation. Accordingly, their development is one way of fighting against climate change. In the three types of energy applications, transport, heat and electricity fuels, the technologies are available and have begun to develop rapidly, especially in Germany, Denmark, Spain and Japan. France recently took measures, within the framework of the Energy Act of July 2005, which will enable it to catch up with them. Biomass is a special case, because it is the only one of these resources suitable for the three uses of energy, but it is available in limited quantities because it is also used for applications other than energy, such as food and materials. Priority will therefore have to be given to its energy use. Coupled with the most efficient equipment, renewable energy sources can play a major role in our energy balances, but time will be needed to allow these little-used technologies to come into widespread use. Further R&D efforts are needed to reduce costs and be able to manage the variability of some of these resources.