Opportunities and challenges of demand response in active distribution networks

摘要

In power systems, the installed generation capacity must exceed the annual peakrndemand, even though some capacity is kept idle most of the time. However, if itrnis uneconomical or not feasible to augment a sufficient capacity, the demandrnmight exceed the available capacity. This mandates the system operator to shedrnthe load in order to maintain security of the system. With the advent of advancedrnsmart metering infrastructure, communication between system operator andrnend-use customers makes it possible to adjust/curtail/shift the demand withrnrespect to the state of the system. The response of the demand commonly termedrnas demand response (DR) can be attained either by incentive-based or pricebased.rnWith the help of DR, the renewable energy generation capacity can bernincreased by tuning the demand to match the variable and unpredictable powerrnfrom renewable generation. It can also bring other benefits such as peak shaving,rnhosting capacity enhancement, and generation cost reduction. Furthermore, electricrnvehicles, heat pumps, and electric water heater can also be used as distributedrnstorage resources to contribute to ancillary services, such as frequency/rnvoltage regulation, peak-shaving power or help to integrate fluctuating renewablernresources. All these DR modes of operation need conventional regulatoryrnframeworks and market design for capitalizing the available resources. Therefore,rnthe objective of the study is to discuss the DR classification and their controlrnstrategies, DR role in microgrids and integration of renewable energy resources.rnAlso, highlighted the opportunities and challenges along with the insights for thernresearch scope associated with DR.