Every year we use and produce significantly more data - but current technology, based on electronic chips, is reaching its ceiling. The limiting factor is heat, resulting from the resistance that the electrons experience when travelling through the copper lines connecting the many transistors on a chip. If we want to continue transferring more and more data every year, we need a new technique that does not produce heat. Enter photonics, which uses photons (light particles) to transfer data. In contrast to electrons, photons do not experience resistance. As they have no mass or charge, they will scatter less within the material they travel through, and therefore no heat is produced. The energy consumption will therefore be reduced. Moreover, by replacing electrical communication within a chip by optical communication, the speed of on-chip and chip-to-chip communication can be increased by a factor of 1000. Data centres would benefit most, with faster data transfer and less energy usage for their cooling system. But these photonic chips will also bring new applications within reach - think of laser-based radar for self-driving cars and chemical sensors for medical diagnosis or for measuring air and food quality.
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