MAKING CAMPAIGN FINANCE AND GOVERNMENT MORE TRANSPARENT

JDDI REMKE

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MAKING CAMPAIGN FINANCE AND GOVERNMENT MORE TRANSPARENT

机译：使竞选财务和政府更加透明

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Throughout its 40-year history, the FPPC has been a national leader in regulating governmental ethics. Its goal now is to be a leader in increasing transparency and accountability through technology.

机译：FPPC在其40年的历史中一直是规范政府道德的国家领导者。现在的目标是成为通过技术提高透明度和问责制的领导者。

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《Western city》 |2015年第12期|8-1016-17|共5页
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JDDI REMKE;
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2. Campaign Financing and Campaign Finance Reform: Examining Internet Sources for Policy Research [J] . John McNutt Journal of Policy Practice . 2009,第4期

机译：竞选资金和竞选财务改革：检查互联网资源以进行政策研究
3. Campaign Finance Reform Leads to Fragmented Campaigns, Not Party Strength [J] . Melissa Smith - Melissa Smith is an assistant professor of communication at Mississippi State University Review of Communication . 2009,第3期

机译：竞选财务改革导致运动分散，而不是政党实力
4. Government Management Modernization Campaign on the Basis of Electronic Governmental Affairs [C] . Han yong The 2nd International Symposium on Soft Science (2002); 2002 . 2002

机译：基于电子政务的政府管理现代化运动
5. The Effects of Campaign Finance Law on Donations to State Legislative Campaigns [D] . Kulesza, Christopher F. 2018

机译：竞选财务法对国家立法运动捐款的影响
6. Impact of rating and praise campaigns on local government environmental governance efficiency: Evidence from the campaign of establishment of national sanitary cities in China [O] . Genli Tang, Minghai Lin, Yilan Xu, 2021

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7. Pyramidal groups, in Italy and elsewhere, represent a model of separation of ownership and control. Pyramids typically have blockholders which extract private benefits of control at the expenses of minority shareholder. This paper focuses on the Italian case where the number of pyramids is reducing but are still largely diffused. Groups are a form of entrenchment and may have negative effects on firm growth. They are characterized by conflicts of interest and self-dealing practices which reduced external financing opportunities. In this paper legal regulation of groups in Italy is discussed, which has positive aspects (art. 2497 ss. c.c.) but some weaknesses on self-dealing practices (artt. 2391 and 2391-bis c.c.). Future reforms should take into consideration the guidelines given at European level (for instance, by the High Level Group of Company Law Experts and the European Commission), which have been set aside from the political agendas of mostly European governments. Moreover, we suggest to strengthen the process of (not only formal) disclosure of relevant information to the company shareholders’ as well, in order not to dismantle pyramids, but to make them “shorter” (when that is the case), more transparent and reciprocally competitive. [O] . Giacomo Bosi, Sandro Trento 100

机译：在意大利和其他地方的金字塔群体代表了所有权和控制权分离的模式。金字塔通常拥有大股东，以小股东的利益为代价提取控制权的私人利益。本文重点关注意大利案例，其中金字塔的数量在减少，但仍然在很大程度上分散。群体是一种壕沟形式，可能对企业的成长产生负面影响。它们的特点是利益冲突和自我交易做法，减少了外部融资机会。在本文中，讨论了意大利群体的法律规定，它具有积极的方面（第2497条，c.c。），但在自我交易实践方面存在一些弱点（第2391条和第2391条之二）。未来的改革应该考虑到欧洲层面的指导方针（例如，公司法专家和欧洲委员会的高级别小组），这些指导方针已被搁置在主要是欧洲政府的政治议程之外。此外，我们建议加强（不仅正式）向公司股东披露相关信息的过程，以便不拆除金字塔，而是使它们“更短”（在这种情况下），更透明并且相互竞争。
8. Campaign Finance Law 90: A Summary of State Campaign Finance Laws with QuickReference Charts [R] . Palmer, J. A., Feigenbaum, E. D. 1990

机译：竞选财务法90：使用快速参考图表的国家竞选财务法概述

MAKING CAMPAIGN FINANCE AND GOVERNMENT MORE TRANSPARENT

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