Fluxing Lyrical Over This Tag Team

摘要

The first generation of microfiltration membranes was introduced in the early 1980s, but the relatively expensive systems were limited to high-value, low-volume process streams such as wine, juice and pharmaceutical applications. In 1990, the first ceramic microfiltration membranes for drinking water were applied for a small plant in St Maurice les Chateauneuf, France.rnSimultaneously, pilot tests showed that using ozone as pretreatment to enhance coagulation, the permeate fluxes of ceramic membranes could be more than doubled.rnIn the same period, the second-generation polymeric membranes reduced costs and simplified the systems by doubling module membrane area, facilitating the scale-up to larger municipal water treatment after 1987. The combination of ozone and ceramics seemed a luxurious alternative, despite fluxes up to 10 times higher.