Fares and tolls in a competitive system with transit and highway: the case with two groups of commuters

摘要

This paper deals with pricing and modal split in a competitive mass transit/highway system with het- erogeneous commuters. Two groups of commuters that differ in their disutility from travel time, schedule delay and transit crowding, select the transit or auto mode for traveling from a residential area to a workplace. We compare three pricing schemes: the marginal cost-based transit fare with no-toll(called 'm' for short), the average cost-based fare with no-toll('a')and marginal cost-based fare with time-invariant toll for subsidizing transit('s'), and derive a socially optimal combination of transit fare and road toll which minimizes the total social cost of the competitive system meanwhile ensuring no deficit to the transit side ('o).