Specialized environmental courts have proliferated around the world, growing from 350 in 2009 to over 1,200 in 44 countries by 2017. This growth is a response to increasing environmental litigation, as well as to failures in traditional legal systems in handling cases in an expedient and equitable way. Environmental tribunals have become especially significant in Australia, New Zealand, and some developing nations, in contrast to the United States and Europe, where environmental law has mostly remained under the jurisdiction of existing courts. India's National Green Tribunal illustrates both the successes of such specialized tribunals and threats to environmental enforcement in many nations.
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