DEZENTRALISIERUNG UND DIE VERFASSUNGSRECHTLICHE GARANTIE TERRITORIALER SELBSTVERWALTUNG IN FRANKREICH

摘要

Der französische Einheitsstaat, lange Zeit Modell des Zentralstaats schlechthin, sieht sich in jüngerer Vergangenheit tief greifenden Veränderungen ausgesetzt. Unter dem Stichwort Dezentralisierung wurden die Kompetenzen der Gebietskörperschaften seit 1982 sukzessive erweitert. Der Aufgabentransfer erfolgte zunächst einfach- und richterrechtlich, bis 2003 der dezentralisierte Staatsaufbau wie auch die konkretere Ausgestaltung der Garantie der Selbstverwaltung („libre administration") in die Verfassung übernommen wurden. Nunmehr heißt es in Art. 1 der französischen Verfassung von 1958: „Frankreich ist eine unteilbare, laizistische, demokratische und soziale Republik. ... Sie ist dezentral gegliedert. "%With the constitutional reform of 2003, decentralisation and subsidiarity were incorporated into the French constitution. This reform included the introduction of guarantees of autonomy and self-administration for the regional and local authorities i.e. for regions, departments and municipalities. In addition to possessing full authority (vocation generate) to carry out their assigned tasks, regional and local bodies now have the power to issue administrative regulations. Particular rules allow regional and local authorities, within certain limits, to deviate from uniform national law by promulgating experimental measures. New elements of direct democracy have also been constitutionalised. Furthermore, financial autonomy, which is a prerequisite for self-administration, was guaranteed in the constitution by the inclusion of the principle of equivalence, whereby any transfer of tasks must be accompanied by the allocation of sufficient funds. The constitution further guarantees that state supervision of these transferred responsibilities will be reduced and will be, in principle, limited to retrospective judicial review by the administrative courts. Specific rules apply to the French overseas territories, where national law is subject to further modification or even to complete abrogation by local rules. Strengthening regional and local responsibilities conflicts with the traditional French ideals of unity and equality. Allowing regional and local autonomy will inevitably lead to a loss of equality in the formal sense. Federal systems are familiar with this dilemma, in which the principle of democracy, the motivating factor for decentralisation, has to be reconciled with the principle of equality. Framework legislation, limitation imposed by statutory provisions (Gesetzesvorbeha.lt) and limitations imposed by fundamental individual rights (Grundrechtsvorbehalt), which are principles of German law, serve this purpose. Constitutional and statutory modifications can result in a convergence of centralised and federal systems.