Governing difference in the city: urban imaginaries and the policy practice of migrant incorporation

摘要

Governance in cities: Urban imagination and integration of immigration policy. Territory, Politics, Governance. This article examines how urban policy actors organize policy practice according to their understanding of the diverse city. In contrast to the national level, cities are sometimes considered to have a pragmatic approach to governing (ethnic) diversity. Yet urban policies also reflect local norms and identities. As such, the city functions as a local discursive condition for and product of understandings of the social world, including processes of differentiation and boundary-drawing. A comparison of policies dealing with migrant incorporation in Amsterdam and The Hague ― two highly diverse cities in The Netherlands ― shows a discrepancy may exist between overarching discourses and policy practices. While municipal policy discourses suggest a coherent programme, policy practices are rather fragmented. Even though policy actors explain this divergence (also) in terms of pragmatism, they use distinct, city-specific logics to identify what is 'pragmatic' and arrive at different outcomes. 'Urban imaginaries' or tacitly shared imaginations about the place of migrants in the urban community serve to provide orientation in this regard.%治理城屮的治理：城市想像与整合移民的政策实践。Territory, Politics, Governance-木文检视城市政策 行动者如何根据他们对于多样化的城市之理解来组织政策实践。相对于国家层级而言，城市时而被视力 在治理（族裔）多样性上具有务实的取向但城市政策同时也反映了地方常规与身份认同。于此，城巿 可作为理解包含差异化与边界划定过程的社会世界的地方论述条件，以及该理解的产物。比较荷兰阿姆 斯特丹与海牙这两个高度多样化的城市的移民整合政策，显示出总体论述与政策实践之间能 差。市政层级的政策论述虽主张一致的方案，但政策实践实则相当破碎化。即便政策行动者（同时） 以务实主义来解释此一差异,他们却运用特殊且城市专属的逻辑来指认何谓"务实"，并得出不同的结 论。"城市想像''或有关移民在城市社群中的位置之心照不宣的共同想像，在这方面订定了方位。