In college at Brown University, Ben Rubin had an odd nighttime ritual. He would hook himself up to an old polysomnography machine, a refrigerator-size device that clinics use to diagnose sleep disorders. He wanted to create a wearable alarm clock that would measure brain activity and wake the user in an optimal phase of light sleep. Before he graduated, Rubin cofounded a company called Zeo, and in 2009 it began selling the first consumer device that detects the user's phase of sleep.
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