Suitability of groundwater quality for its drinking and agricultural use near Koira region of Odisha, India

摘要

Groundwater samples were collected from five different locations for a period of 1 year covering the three seasons, i.e., summer, monsoon and winter for analysis of various physico-chemical parameters and calculation of different water quality indices. The average ionic concentrations of cations: calcium (Ca~(2+)), magnesium (Mg~(2+)), sodium (Na~+), iron (Fe~(2+)), potassium (K~+) and anions: chloride (Cl~-), sulphate (SO_4~(2-)), carbonate (CO_3~((2-)), bicarbonate (HCO_3~-), fluoride (F~-) in the study area are in the order of Ca~(2+) ＞ Mg~(2+) ＞ Na~+ ＞ Fe~(2+) ＞ K~+ and Cl~- ＞ SO_4~(2-) ＞ CO_3~(2-) ＞ HCO_3~- ＞ F~-, respectively. Water quality index (WQI) in the area indicates that, water samples were in the class of good to poor quality for drinking purpose. During summer and post-monsoon, the water quality was good (WQI = 88, 92) and during monsoon it was poor category (WQI= 114.6). Correlation study between WQI and physico-chemical parameters showed higher WQI values, mainly due cations, such as Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), Fe~(2+) (r = 0.761, 0.695, 0.664, respectively) and anion, such as Cl~- (r= 0.827, p = 0.06). A good positive correlation among total dissolved solid with bicarbonate ion (r = 0.986) and Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+) (r=0.98) was obtained. The multiple linear regression (MLR) study depicts that Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), Cl~-, F~- parameters were good at predicting WQI. Furthermore, calculation of water quality indices, such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), magnesium absorption ratio (MAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), sodium percent (Na%), Kelly's ratio (KR) depicts the fitness of water for agriculture.