Dual-scope guided (simultaneous thoraco-laparoscopic) transthoracic transdiaphragmatic intraoperative radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma located beneath the diaphragm

摘要

Among treatment modalities for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is getting popular due to low morbidity and its effectiveness. However, when the tumor is located just under the diaphragm, a percutaneous approach for RFA is often impossible because of the difficulty in visualizing the tumor with conventional ultrasonographic examination.