Calculating costs and risks

摘要

From 2013 on utilities will have to buy up their full requirement of European Emission Allowances via auctions. Assuming an average carbon price of € 23 in 2013, European public electricity and heat producers will be burdened with additional annual costs of approximately € 32 billion. One way to reduce their requirement, and thus costs, will be to generate CO_2 certificates from CDM project participation.