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Improvised Explosive Devices in Southern Afghanistan and Western Pakistan, 2002-2009

机译:2002-2009年,阿富汗南部和巴基斯坦西部的简易爆炸装置

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Homemade bombs or improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are staple weapons of conflicts in South Asia and especially Southern Afghanistan and Western Pakistan, where the Taliban, their affiliates, and other armed groups use them to undermine recognized governments and policies. This study establishes IED trends in the Afghanistan provinces of Helmand, Kandahar, and Nimroz and the Pakistani province of Balochistan between 2002 and mid-2009, using geo-referenced open source IED event information and statistical or geospatial analysis techniques. This study also furnishes assessments of specific IED technologies, techniques, and procedures (TTPs; like explosively formed projectiles or radio-controlled a??spider devicesa??) as well as discussions of their potential causes and observable effects. There are several major trends observed: a continuous increase in volume and lethality of attacks, more expansive geographic distribution of attacks, and multiple bombing campaigns overlapping in Quetta, Balochistan province, that are perpetrated by groups with different means, tactics, and objectives. The most IED-related violence occurred in Kandahar province from 2002-2008; however, Helmand province was the leading location of bomb events by early 2009. Although large population centersa??such as the cities of Kandahar, Quetta, and Lashkar Gah in Helmand provincea??commonly experienced effective bombings, the trans-border routes through Zaranj in Nimroz province and Spin Boldak in Kandahar province were also prone to many lethal attacks. In particular, this study both confirms and scrutinizes the so-called Iraq effect, the phenomenon of knowledge-sharing between fighters in Iraq and Afghanistan. Even though fighters who gained experience in the Iraq insurgency provided assistance and training to Taliban fighters, the evidence indicates that some developments in IEDs predated the Iraq conflict or were original to South Asia or other conflicts in history. This evidence provides support for a more generalized and global phenomenon here called a??TTP acceleration,a?? whereby insurgent and terrorist advances in IED capabilities take progressively shorter periods of time to develop and transfer among groups, usually as a result of increased information-sharing opportunities and coincidental alignment of group objectives.View full textDownload full textRelated var addthis_config = { ui_cobrand: "Taylor & Francis Online", services_compact: "citeulike,netvibes,twitter,technorati,delicious,linkedin,facebook,stumbleupon,digg,google,more", pubid: "ra-4dff56cd6bb1830b" }; Add to shortlist Link Permalink http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2011.582630
机译:自制炸弹或简易爆炸装置是南亚特别是阿富汗南部和巴基斯坦西部冲突的主要武器,塔利班,其分支机构和其他武装团体在这些地方使用自制的炸弹或简易爆炸装置破坏公认的政府和政策。这项研究利用地理参考开源IED事件信息和统计或地理空间分析技术,确定了2002年至2009年中阿富汗赫尔曼德,坎大哈和宁姆罗兹省以及巴基斯坦province路支斯坦省的IED趋势。这项研究还对特定的简易爆炸装置技术,技术和程序(TTP;如爆炸性射弹或无线电控制的“蜘蛛”装置)进行了评估,并对其潜在原因和可观察到的影响进行了讨论。观察到几个主要趋势:攻击的数量和杀伤力持续增加,攻击的地域分布更加广泛,Bal路支省奎达的多次轰炸活动重叠,这些攻击行动是由具有不同手段,战术和目标的团体实施的。与IED相关的暴力事件最多的是2002-2008年在坎大哈省。但是,到2009年初,赫尔曼德省是炸弹事件的主要地点。尽管诸如赫尔曼德省的坎大哈,奎达和拉什卡尔加等大批人口中心通常都经历了有效的轰炸,但穿越Zaranj的跨界路线尼姆罗兹省和坎大哈省的Spin Boldak也容易受到许多致命袭击。特别是,这项研究既确认又审查了所谓的伊拉克效应,即伊拉克和阿富汗战斗人员之间的知识共享现象。即使在伊拉克叛乱中获得经验的战斗人员为塔利班战斗人员提供了援助和培训,但证据表明,简易爆炸装置的某些事态发展早于伊拉克冲突,或者是南亚或历史上其他冲突的原始情节。该证据为这里称为“ TTP加速,a”的更普遍和全局现象提供了支持。通过这种方式,通常由于增加的信息共享机会和团体目标的偶然契合,叛乱和恐怖分子在IED能力方面的进步将逐渐缩短在团体之间发展和转移的时间。查看全文下载全文相关的var addthis_config = {ui_cobrand:“泰勒和弗朗西斯在线”,services_compact:“ citeulike,netvibes,twitter,technorati,delicious,linkedin,facebook,stumbleupon,digg,google,更多”,发布号:“ ra-4dff56cd6bb1830b”};添加到候选列表链接永久链接http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2011.582630

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