Bridge Resource Management (BRM) has come to the fore as a means of trying to manage human error, but still the Australian Transport Safety Board (ATSB) reports breakdowns in BRM as part of the causal chain in shipping accidents. A study by Wagenaarand Groeneweg in 1987 found that in 96 out of 100 cases, the people involved should and could have prevented the accident. Admittedly, this study was pre-BRM, but even in 1995, the Canadian Transportation Safety Board found that bridge officers were reluctant to question a pilot's decision, which can often result in errors or accidents. With regard to not speaking up, in 1999, Perrow noted:'It is not unusual for a deck officer to remain aghast and silent while his captain grounds the ship or collides with another.'
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