Effects of pristine microplastics and nanoplastics on soil invertebrates: A systematic review and meta-analysis of available data

摘要

In laboratory studies, microplastics and/or nanoplastics (MPs/NPs) have been shown to cause a variety of ecotox-icological effects on soil invertebrates. Existing data on the effects of these plastic debris on biological functions and physiological systems, showed a great variability among studies. Thus, how soil invertebrates respond to dif-ferent types, shapes, sizes and concentrations of pristine MPs/NPs remains to be further characterized. The pres-ent work is an up-to-date review on quantitative and qualitative data on the effects of pristine MPs/NPs on soil invertebrates in laboratory conditions. Research priorities are also discussed. Out of a total of 1061 biological end-points investigated in 56 studies, 49% were significantly affected after exposed to pristine MPs/NPs. The polymers with chloro and phenyl groups had more negative impacts on soil invertebrates than other polymers. Most stud-ies used earthworm and nematode species as model organisms. For nematodes, the impact of MPs/NPs seemed to be concentration-dependent and higher concentrations of pristine MPs/NPs appeared to have more adverse im-pacts on biological functions and physiological systems, but this trend was not confirmed in earthworms. Meta-analysis revealed that pristine MP/NP concentrations higher than 1 g kg~(-1) (in soil) may decrease growth and sur-vival of earthworms, while a concentration higher than 1 μg L~(-1) (in water) may affect nematode reproductive fitness.