Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) source profiles in urban PM_(2.5) fugitive dust: A large-scale study for 20 Chinese cites

摘要

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust (RD) and construction dust (CD) in PM2.5 were quantified in the samples collected in 20 Chinese cities. The PAHs profiles in urban PM2.5 fugitive dusts were determined and their potential health risks were evaluated. Seven geographical regions in China were identified as northwest China (NWC), the North China Plain (NCP), northeast China (NEC), central China (CC), south China (SC), south-west China (SWC), and east China (EC). The overall average concentrations of total quantified PAHs (Sigma PAHs) were 23.2 +/- 18.9 and 22.8 +/- 29.6 mu g.g(-1) in RD and CD of PM2.5, indicating that severe PAHs pollution to urban fugitive dusts in China. The differences of SPAHs between RD and CD were minor in northern and central regions of China but much larger in southern and east regions. The Sigma PAHs for RD displayed a pattern of "high in northern and low in southern", and characterized by large abundance of high molecular weights (HMWs) PAHs, indicating that vehicle emission was the predominant pollution origin. Additionally, higher diagnostic ratios of fluoranthene/(fluoranthene + pyrene) in NCP, CC, and SWC suggest critical contributions of biomass burning and coal combustion for RD in these areas. In comparison, gasoline combustion was the major pollution source for CD PAHs in NWC, NCP, NEC, and CC, whereas industrial emissions such as cement production and iron smelting had strong impacts in the heavy industrial regions. The total benzo[a] pyrene (BaP) carcinogenic potency concentrations (BaPTEQ) for RD and CD both showed the lowest in SC (0.05 and 0.07, respectively) and the highest in NCP (10.99 and 7.67, respectively). The highest and lowest incremental life cancer risks (ILCR) were found in NCP and SC, coinciding with the spatial distributions of ambient PAHs levels. The total CD-related cancer risks for adults and children (similar to 10(-4)) suggest high potential health risks in NCP, SWC, and NWC, whereas the evaluated values in EC and SC indicate virtual safety (= 10(-6)). (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.