Energy-related activities contribute to the atmospheric emissions of harmful substances such as particles and greenhouse gases that result in global warming. Therefore, energy efficient railways are necessary for reducing pollution but also costs. Regarding energy consumption, railways are currently in a good position compared to other modes of transport, the use of "green electricity" (electricity generated from renewable energies) for electric traction is a good example for environmentally sustainable transport. However, the environmental advantage of railways diminishes as the automotive sector is undertaking tremendous efforts especially in the field of CO_2 emissions and fuel cells to reduce its environmental impact.
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