Macrophage biology in development, homeostasis and disease

摘要

巨噬细胞是血液、淋巴和所有哺乳动物组织类rn型中所见的吞噬细胞。它们在正常发育、体内rn平衡、组织修复和对病原体的免疫反应中起很rn多不同作用。它们的多样性意味着，几乎每一rn种人类疾病都涉及它们，它们也是主要治疗目rn标，因为它们的功能可以被加强或抑制，以改rn变疾病的结果。本期Nature的一篇Review文rn章从巨噬细胞为哺乳动物生理及病理生理适应rn性做贡献的体内平衡机制的角度讨论巨噬细胞rn的生理问题。%Macrophages, the most plastic cells of the haematopoietic system, are found in all tissues and show great functional diversity. They have roles in development, homeostasis, tissue repair and immunity. Although tissue macrophages are anatomically distinct from one another, and have different transcriptional profiles and functional capabilities, they are all required for the maintenance of homeostasis. However, these reparative and homeostatic functions can be subverted by chronic insults, resulting in a causal association of macrophages with disease states. In this Review, we discuss how macrophages regulate normal physiology and development, and provide several examples of their pathophysiological roles in disease. We define the 'hallmarks' of macrophages according to the states that they adopt during the performance of their various roles, taking into account new insights into the diversity of their lineages, identities and regulation. It is essential to understand this diversity because macrophages have emerged as important therapeutic targets in many human diseases.