Reliable, long-range acoustic communications (LRAC) is an enabling technology for numerous applications of manned and unmanned underwater systems. For example, with the capability of communicating at long ranges of several hundreds or even thousands of kilometers, it will become possible to remotely command and control unmanned underwater vehicles that are otherwise unreachable. As another example, underwater systems will be able to rely on such capability to establish a wide-area undersea network to complete missions in a collaborative fashion.
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