There are multiple potential cyber threats to ecdis from its connection to other ship systems and links to online services through the satellite communications. There could also be human-based threats, where memory sticks with viruses on them could be slotted into ecdis by navigators loading route plans, or by service engineers doing software updates. NCC Group research director Andy Davis said that other threats come from cyber attacks on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) or the Automatic Identification System (AIS), or on vessel traffic services (VTS) information.
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