With the expanded use of dynamic positioning (DP) in multiple sectors of the maritime industry, the reliability of positioning information has never been more important. DP, once the domain of the offshore oil and gas sector, is increasingly used on windfarm support vessels, shuttle tankers during offshore loading and cruise ships to assist berthing. These vessels need accurate and precise position reference systems with redundancy in case vessel operators encounter issues with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) service signals. GNSS can be spoofed and jammed leading to a loss of positioning reference for DP systems. There are four main GNSS services: Global Positioning System (GPS), Glonass, Beidou or European Space Agency (ESA)'s Galileo to provide redundancy in satellite transmissions. These are augmented with differential GNSS and reference sensors.
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