Two refined hgiehr order theories, one that neglects and the other that takes into account the effect of transverse normal deformation, are used to develop two discrete finite element models for the thermal buckling analysis of composite laminates and sandwiches. The two models, one with inie degrees of freedom per node and the other with elevent degrees of freedom, are based on a nine-node Lagrangian isoparametric element. The geometric stiffness matrices are developed by taking into consideration the effects of the higher order terms on the initial in-plane and transverse shear stresses.
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