Laboratory Measurements on Turbulent Pressure Fluctuations in and above Gravel Beds

摘要

The statistics of pressure fluctuations above and within three types of porous granular beds such as in gravel bed streams, rivers, and man-made canals are investigated by data gained via laboratory flume experiments. The flow conditions examined include a diversity of hydrodynamic loads that increase up to the point where single grains are moving from time to time, without causing severe modification to the bed texture and the related positions of the pressure sensors. Analysis is performed by means of histograms and spectral techniques and vertical intensity profiles. Two simplified equations are found that describe the vertical decrease for the standard deviation of the measured fluctuations indicating drag and lift, respectively, nondimensionalized by the mean bed shear stress. The former fluctuation is described by a crude linear fit, whereas the latter clearly shows that the lift intensity decreases exponentially in the porous bed with a decay distance of one to two times the equivalent grain roughness. Within the subsurface layer the standard deviation reaches a nonzero constant, mainly dominated by long-wave pressure fields that are convected in the outer flow. These findings can be used in future sediment transport models that use force balance approaches to determine incipient motion conditions.