Vector methods to compute azimuth, elevation, ellipsoidal normal, and the Cartesian (X, Y, Z) to geodetic (φ, λ, h) transformation

摘要

Vector-based algorithms for the computation of azimuth, elevation and the ellipsoidal normal unit vector from 3D Cartesian coordinates are presented. As a by-product, the formulae for the ellipsoidal normal vector can also be used to iteratively transform rectangular Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z) into geodetic coordinates (φ, λ, h) for a height range from -5600 km to 10~8 km. Comparisons with existing methods indicate that the new transformation can compete with them.