Urban Sprawl

摘要

Modern usage of the term "sprawl" was coined in 1937 by Earle Draper— one of the first city planners in the southeastern United States (Black, 1996) By the end of World War II, the major themes that characterize the current debate over sprawl and its connections to transportation and income had already emerged. These issues were summarized in the 1940s by the British advocate of city planning F. J. Osborn (1946 [1965], p, 15): These new forms of transportation ... were used ... to facilitate the sprawling of suburbs, a type of urban growth wasteful from the economic standpoint and disadvantageous socially, Coupled with the rise of real incomes, rapid transport has enabled the people moving out from the centers to find the open residential surroundings they desired. But they and the numerous immigrants from rural areas have obtained these surroundings at the expense of long and costly daily journeys to and from work. Local community life has been weakened or destroyed, and access to the country made more difficult for the large numbers of residents still left in the city centers.