MODERNIZATION PROCESS IN HISTORICAL ASIAN CITIES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SEOUL, TOKYO AND BEIJING

摘要

As ancient capitals, Beijing, Seoul and Tokyo share many common characteristics, but Beijing and Seoul lagged much behind Tokyo from mid-19th century to mid-20th century in terms of development level. During the past four decades Seoul and Beijing have devoted every effort to aecelerate their modernization process. This paper intends to make a brief review and to summerize some similarities of the basic features in respects of industrialization and urbanization.