Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter Chemical Characterization in a Heavily Industrialized City in Central Mexico during Winter 2003

摘要

This paper presents the results of the first reported study on fine particulate matter (PM) chemical composition at Salamanca, a highly industrialized urban area of Central Mexico. Samples were collected at six sites within the urban area during February and March 2003. Several trace elements, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and six ions were analyzed to characterize aerosols. Average concentrations of PM with aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm (PM_(10)) and fine PM with aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM_(2.5)) ranged from 32.2 to 76.6 μg m~(-3) and 11.1 to 23.7 μg m~(-3), respectively. OC (34%), SO_4~= (25.1%), EC (12.9%), and geological material (12.5%) were the major components of PM_(2.5). For PM_(10), geological material (57.9%), OC (17.3%), and SO_4~= (9.7%) were the major components. Coarse fraction (PM_(10) -PM_(2.5)), geological material (81.7%), and OC (8.6%) were the dominant species, which amounted to 90.4%. Correlation analysis showed that sulfate in PM_(2.5) was present as ammonium sulfate. Sulfate showed a significant spatial variation with higher concentrations to the north resulting from predominantly southwesterly winds above the surface layer and by major SO_2 sources that include a power plant and refinery. At the urban site of Cruz Roja it was observed that PM_(2.5) mass concentrations were similar to the submicron fraction concentrations. Furthermore, the correlation between EC in PM_(2.5) and EC measured from an aethalometer was r~2 = 0.710. Temporal variations of SO_2 and nitrogen oxide were observed during a day when the maximum concentration of PM_(2.5) was measured, which was associated with emissions from the nearby refinery and power plant. From cascade impactor measurements, the three measured modes of airborne particles corresponded with diameters of 0.32, 1.8, and 5.6 μm.