再建後の移徙からみる西高木家陣屋天保度上屋敷御殿の空間構成について

摘要

In the Edo period, apart from castles constructed with the permission of the Tokugawa government, the residences of local warrior-class officials who held their land in lordship were often referred to as jinya. Like the residences of the Shogun and other daimyo, jinya served a dual function, as homes of the ruling samurai and centres of local government. They were made up of many rooms, some of which served as spaces for feudal ceremonies, or as administrative offices, while others were residential spaces for members of the ruling family. The Nishi Takagi family were hatamoto (bannermen) who ruled a rural area of Western Mino, with their residence (jinya) on the site of a medieval fortress called Tara Castle. The lord's wife and family lived together with him in the Nishi Takagi Jinya. The jinya was divided into two residential complexes. In the north was the principal (upper) residence (kami yashiki), with a lower residence (shimo yashiki) to the south of it, which was used by lords after retirement from active government. In the third year of the Tempo era (1832), both residences burnt down, but by the end of year, the upper residence had been rebuilt. On 3rd day of the 12th month, 1832, the Nishi Takagi family moved from temporary lodgings into the new upper residence, and ceremonies were held on that day to celebrate the move. In these ceremonies, the men and women of the family set out in 2 separate groups from their temporary lodgings at different times, and the ceremonies in the upper residence were conducted separately for each group. The ceremonies may be divided into two parts: those concerned with propitiation of protective deities, and congratulatory audiences with vassals and dependents. The spaces where the ceremonies were held seem to reflect their everyday use, and their hierarchical significance and function can be ascertained by analysis of the relationship between the rooms and leading family members participating in the ceremonies. Such analysis reveals that congratulatory audiences were held in spaces usually reserved for formal activities, while offerings were made in the personal chambers of leading household members. The upper residence consisted of three major buildings, the omote building, the oku building and the daidokoro building. Plans also reveal a division of the residence into three zones: the omote, the naka-oku and the o-oku. These zones do not precisely correspond with the three buildings. By plotting the ceremonial spaces relative to the floor plan, the characteristics and functions of each zone and building can be established. The division into zones reflects the identity of the users. The omote zone was used by male members of the family. The naka-oku consisted of a private residential suite for the lord himself, and the o-oku was used by the women of the family. The distinctions between the buildings relate to their function. The omote building was predominantly used for official male-oriented ceremonial activities, while the oku was for family activities. However , both of them contained both formal audience rooms and living rooms. The daidokoro housed service personnel and household administration. The jinya was thus composed of many rooms with their own specifics functions. Both the omote and oku buildings were divided into a southern range of spaces and northern range of spaces. In both cases, the southern row of rooms was a formal audience suite, while the northern row of rooms consisted of living rooms for specific family members. This division of these buildings is a distinctive feature of the jinya, and seems to contrast with the arrangement of certain other samurai residences in a way which invites further research.%本稿は、知行地の在地支配を行った旗本(在地旗本)である交代寄合美濃衆 西高木家の居館である天保度上屋敷の御殿を対象として、様々な室群が同居する家族の生活にどのように対応していたかという御殿の空間構成について、移徙時の儀式で用いられる場所と参加者との関係から明らかにする。在地旗本は妻子と在地居住して参勤交代する旗本で、高木家も同様であった。石高で同様でありながら知行地には代官を置き、妻子ともに江戸住まいであった一般の旗本、あるいは家格として同列の位置づけであるが、正妻が江戸住まいであった大名、いずれとも居住形態は異なる。規模は異なるが、妻子と同居する点では江戸城に居を構える将軍家と同様である。在地旗本の居館の空間構成を明らかにすることは、居住形態と空間構成がどのように関係したかという、近世武家住宅の実態解明につながり、江戸城をはじめとした他の事例の理解に還元できると考えられる。