A smart charging algorithm for integration of EVs in providingprimary reserve as manageable demand‐side resources

摘要

In this paper an efficient algorithm for simultaneous scheduling of energy and primaryreserve with the presence of smart electric vehicles in the system is discussed.It is proposed that the system operator uses the electric vehicles (EVs) as alternativeresources of primary reserve in the power system. The proposed model deals withthe effect of generation scheduling on the EV charging schedules and primaryreserve capacities. In fact, the amount of primary reserve provided by EVs is highlyrelated to the EV’s charging schedules. Therefore, in this paper a smart chargingalgorithm is also proposed that is based on direct load control of EVs by the systemoperator. The proposed scheme would be applicable with the lowest intelligencelevel and will not impose extra investment cost to the EV owners. All the nonlinearconstraints included in the primary reserve scheduling are linearized to be solvableby mixed integer linear programming method. A case study on IEEE RTS79 systemwith 30% EV penetration is used to illustrate the feasibility and acceptable performanceof the proposed method. The influence of EVs’ participation on operationcosts, load curve, and EV bills is discussed.