A smart charging algorithm for integration of EVs in providingrnprimary reserve as manageable demand‐side resources

摘要

In this paper an efficient algorithm for simultaneous scheduling of energy and primaryrnreserve with the presence of smart electric vehicles in the system is discussed.rnIt is proposed that the system operator uses the electric vehicles (EVs) as alternativernresources of primary reserve in the power system. The proposed model deals withrnthe effect of generation scheduling on the EV charging schedules and primaryrnreserve capacities. In fact, the amount of primary reserve provided by EVs is highlyrnrelated to the EV’s charging schedules. Therefore, in this paper a smart chargingrnalgorithm is also proposed that is based on direct load control of EVs by the systemrnoperator. The proposed scheme would be applicable with the lowest intelligencernlevel and will not impose extra investment cost to the EV owners. All the nonlinearrnconstraints included in the primary reserve scheduling are linearized to be solvablernby mixed integer linear programming method. A case study on IEEE RTS79 systemrnwith 30% EV penetration is used to illustrate the feasibility and acceptable performancernof the proposed method. The influence of EVs’ participation on operationrncosts, load curve, and EV bills is discussed.