The 'application' of psychoanalytic concepts and methods to the products of culture has occupied a somewhat ambiguous position seen, by some as a secondary, derivative, even dubious procedure, by others as a valuable and legitimate extrapolation of the basic prince- ples. This paper argues, that such 'applications' were integral to the early development of the field and that, indeed, many of Freud's basic ideas were derived from non-clinical (i.e. cultural) sources. The continuing impact of cultural forces on clinical concepts can be seen in the recent reformulations of our views on the psychology of women.
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