Hydrogen and deuterium isotope effects beyond the electromagnetic force

摘要

A mechanism is presented concerning electrolysis of deuteriated water with a palladium cathode that is infused with deuterium (palladium deuteride) resulting in the formation of small amounts of radioactive tritium, excess energy (more than allowed by EMF chemistry alone) and the concomitant liberation of He-4. These net electron catalyzed nuclear chemical reactions (H-2 + H-2 + e(-) He-4 + e(-) + heat) and (H-2 + H-1 + e(-) - + H-3 + e(-) appear to be a result of respectively four and three isotope effects acting in combination with each other in a non-linear (chaotic) fashion to produce a metastable nuclear isomer of hydrogen-4 or hydrogen-3. The four isotope effects begin with the influx of electrons into the -Pd-D-Pd-D- Bravais lattice conduction band and consequent preferred rupture of individual weak Pd-D bonds (over those of Pd-H) in the cathode liberating D-2. This is followed by the newly freed deuterium capturing an electron yielding a di-neutron ((o)n(o)n). The (o)n(o)n then reacts with a deuterium or hydrogen (from protic impurity in the lattice) via phonon enforced quantum tunneling resulting in H-4m or H-3 respectively. The H-4m quickly undergoes nuclear internal conversion to form He-4. These reactions involve the weak force (Feynman Diagrams are shown), but they take place in simple electrochemical systems that are normally thought of in terms of the electromagnetic forces only. The combined influence of the four isotope effects explains thousands of, what were considered, anomalous observations by top electrochemical researchers. The newly described mechanistic effects involve a very important and almost forgotten intermediate (the di-neutron) and may even involve unique safety concerns. (C) 2018 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.