The green economics of conventional, organic and genetically modified crops farming: a review

摘要

There are many controversies about the relative performances of conventional fanning (CF), organic farming (OF) and genetically modified crops fanning (GMCF) technologies. This paper aimed to identify the overall best technology by reviewing the performances of CF, OF and GMCF from a green economics perspective. Existing literature could not allow for identification of the overall best technology because of two methodological limitations in the assessments of the performances of CF, OF and GMCF. First, most assessments did not consider all the three technologies together when assessing their performances. Second, they investigated economic, environmental and social performance indicators separately. The paper suggests a more comprehensive approach through the lenses of an integrated framework of green economic performance leading to a composite indicator, and comparisons of all three technologies. Additional guidelines are provided on statistical techniques for robust comparisons of these agricultural technologies in order to better inform policy development.