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  • 期刊名称：

    Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on

  • 中文名称： 智能交通系统，IEEE事务
  • 刊频：
  • ISSN： 1524-9050
  • 出版社： -
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  • 1.

    【24hr】Kinematic Design for Platoon-Lane-Change Maneuvers

    包量

    机译 排行变更动作的运动学设计
    • 作者：Hsu H. C.-H.;Liu A.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2008年第1期
    摘要：For the lane-change maneuvers under the architectures of automated highway systems, most researchers focus on the maneuvers for a single vehicle to change lanes. However, not only are the lane-change maneuvers for a single vehicle needed, but a platoon-lane-change (PLC) maneuver is also required in some situations for an entire platoon to change lanes. The goal of this paper is to design PLC maneuvers under the coordinated- and noncoordinated-platooning infrastructures. Two PLC maneuvers are proposed in this paper, and they are the leader and predecessor PLC maneuvers, where the predecessor PLC maneuver is considered in two cases, i.e., the intraplatoon spacing less than or greater than the minimum safety spacing. We use SmartAHS to simulate these PLC maneuvers, and the simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of these PLC maneuvers while taking the safety and comfort of passengers into account.
  • 2.

    【24hr】Online Learning Solutions for Freeway Travel Time Prediction

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    机译 高速公路出行时间预测的在线学习解决方案
    • 作者：van Lint J. W. C.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2008年第1期
    摘要：Providing travel time information to travelers on available route alternatives in traffic networks is widely believed to yield positive effects on individual drive behavior and (route/departure time) choice behavior, as well as on collective traffic operations in terms of, for example, overall time savings and—if nothing else—on the reliability of travel times. As such, there is an increasing need for fast and reliable online travel time prediction models. Previous research showed that data-driven approaches such as the state-space neural network (SSNN) are reliable and accurate travel time predictors for freeway routes, which can be used to provide predictive travel time information on, for example, variable message sign panels. In an operational context, the adaptivity of such models is a crucial property. Since travel times are available (and, hence, can be measured) for realized trips only, adapting the parameters (weights) of a data-driven travel time prediction model such as the SSNN is particularly challenging. This paper proposes a new extended Kalman filter (EKF) based online-learning approach, i.e., the online-censored EKF method, which can be applied online and offers improvements over a delayed approach in which learning takes place only as realized travel times are available.
  • 3.

    【24hr】Real-Time Estimation of Travel Times Along the Arcs and Arrival Times at the Nodes of Dynamic Stochastic Networks

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    机译 动态随机网络节点上的弧线传播时间和到达时间的实时估计
    摘要：Route planning in uncertain and dynamic networks has recently emerged as an active and intense area of research, both due to industry needs and technological advances. This paper investigates methods to predict travel times along the arcs and estimate arrival times at the nodes of a stochastic and dynamic network in real time. It is shown that, under fairly mild conditions, the developed travel and arrival time estimators are unbiased and that the error variance of the arrival time estimator is bounded. Simulation results are used to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
  • 4.

    【24hr】Multilevel Framework to Detect and Handle Vehicle Occlusion

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    机译 检测和处理车辆阻塞的多级框架
    摘要：This paper presents a multilevel framework to detect and handle vehicle occlusion. The proposed framework consists of the intraframe, interframe, and tracking levels. On the intraframe level, occlusion is detected by evaluating the compactness ratio and interior distance ratio of vehicles, and the detected occlusion is handled by removing a “cutting region” of the occluded vehicles. On the interframe level, occlusion is detected by performing subtractive clustering on the motion vectors of vehicles, and the occluded vehicles are separated according to the binary classification of motion vectors. On the tracking level, occlusion layer images are adaptively constructed and maintained, and the detected vehicles are tracked in both the captured images and the occlusion layer images by performing a bidirectional occlusion reasoning algorithm. The proposed intraframe, interframe, and tracking levels are sequentially implemented in our framework. Experiments on various typical scenes exhibit the effectiveness of the proposed framework. Quantitative evaluation and comparison demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods.
  • 5.

    【24hr】Statistical Threat Assessment for General Road Scenes Using Monte Carlo Sampling

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    机译 使用蒙特卡洛采样对一般道路场景进行统计威胁评估
    摘要：This paper presents a threat-assessment algorithm for general road scenes. A road scene consists of a number of objects that are known, and the threat level of the scene is based on their current positions and velocities. The future driver inputs of the surrounding objects are unknown and are modeled as random variables. In order to capture realistic driver behavior, a dynamic driver model is implemented as a probabilistic prior, which computes the likelihood of a potential maneuver. A distribution of possible future scenarios can then be approximated using a Monte Carlo sampling. Based on this distribution, different threat measures can be computed, e.g., probability of collision or time to collision. Since the algorithm is based on the Monte Carlo sampling, it is computationally demanding, and several techniques are presented to increase performance without increasing computational load. The algorithm is intended both for online safety applications in a vehicle and for offline data analysis.
  • 6.

    【24hr】Special Issue on ITSC 2006

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    机译 ITSC​​ 2006特刊
    摘要：This special issue contains revised versions of selected papers originally presented at the 9th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC 2006) held in Toronto, Canada, on September 17-20, 2006.
  • 7.

    【24hr】A Low-Cost Pedestrian-Detection System With a Single Optical Camera

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    机译 具有单个光学摄像头的低成本行人检测系统
    摘要：The ultimate purpose of a pedestrian-detection system (PDS) is to reduce pedestrian-vehicle-related injury. Most such systems tend to adopt expensive sensors, such as infrared devices, in expectation of better performance. In comparison, a low-cost optical-camera-based system has much potential practical value, including a greater detection range, and can easily be trained to detect other objects. However, such low-cost systems are difficult to design (e.g., little original information can be collected, and the scene is very complex). To address these problems, an effective and reliable classifier is needed. The classifier should have a proper structure, its features need to be well selected, and a large number of high-quality samples are necessary for training. In this paper, we present a low-cost PDS which only uses a single optical camera. We design a cascade classifier to achieve an effective and reliable detection. First, our system scans two sequential frames at each zoom scale with a sliding window. Second, with each window, both appearance and motion features are extracted. A well-trained cascade classifier, combining statistical learning with a decomposed support-vector-machine classifier, then determines whether the window contains a human body. At the same time, to provide as much information as possible about the pedestrian, a small-scale weighted template tree trained by a coevolutionary algorithm is adopted to identify each pedestrian''''s direction, and the distance of each from the vehicle is also provided using an estimation algorithm. During the training procedure, we select key features by using the AdaBoost algorithm and a large number of high-quality samples. Experimental results demonstrate that the system is suitable for pedestrian detection in city traffic: The detection speed is more than 10 ft/s, the detection rate reaches 80%, and the false positive rate is no more than 0.3‰.
  • 8.

    【24hr】Robust Lane Detection and Tracking in Challenging Scenarios

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    机译 在充满挑战的场景中进行可靠的车道检测和跟踪
    • 作者：Kim Z.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2008年第1期
    摘要：A lane-detection system is an important component of many intelligent transportation systems. We present a robust lane-detection-and-tracking algorithm to deal with challenging scenarios such as a lane curvature, worn lane markings, lane changes, and emerging, ending, merging, and splitting lanes. We first present a comparative study to find a good real-time lane-marking classifier. Once detection is done, the lane markings are grouped into lane-boundary hypotheses. We group left and right lane boundaries separately to effectively handle merging and splitting lanes. A fast and robust algorithm, based on random-sample consensus and particle filtering, is proposed to generate a large number of hypotheses in real time. The generated hypotheses are evaluated and grouped based on a probabilistic framework. The suggested framework effectively combines a likelihood-based object-recognition algorithm with a Markov-style process (tracking) and can also be applied to general-part-based object-tracking problems. An experimental result on local streets and highways shows that the suggested algorithm is very reliable.
  • 9.

    【24hr】Optimal Track Access Rights Allocation for Agent Negotiation in an Open Railway Market

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    机译 开放铁路市场中代理协商的最佳轨道访问权分配
    • 作者：Tsang C. W.;Ho T. K.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2008年第1期
    摘要：In open railway access markets, a train service provider (TSP) negotiates with an infrastructure provider (IP) for track access rights. This negotiation has been modeled by a multiagent system in which the IP and the TSP are represented by separate software agents. One of the tasks of the IP agent is to generate feasible (and preferably optimal) track access rights, subject to the constraints submitted by the TSP agent. This paper formulates an IP–TSP transaction and proposes a branch-and-bound algorithm for the IP agent to identify the optimal track access rights. Empirical simulation results show that the model is able to emulate rational agent behaviors. The simulation results also show good consistency between the timetables that were attained from the proposed methods and those that were derived by the scheduling principles adopted in practice.
  • 10.

    【24hr】Algorithms for Itinerary Planning in Multimodal Transportation Networks

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    机译 多式联运网络中的行程规划算法
    摘要：The itinerary planning problem in an urban public transport system constitutes a common routing and scheduling decision faced by travelers. The objective of this paper is to present a new formulation and an algorithm for solving the itinerary planning problem, i.e., determination of the itinerary that lexicographically optimizes a set of criteria (i.e., total travel time, number of transfers, and total walking and waiting time) while departing from the origin and arriving at the destination within specified time windows. Based on the proposed formulation, the itinerary planning problem is expressed as a shortest path problem in a multimodal time-schedule network with time windows and time-dependent travel times. A dynamic programming-based algorithm has been developed for the solution of the emerging problem. The special case of the problem involving a mandatory visit at an intermediate stop within a given time window is formulated as two nested itinerary planning problems which are solved by the aforementioned algorithm. The proposed algorithm has been integrated in a web-based journey planning system, whereas its performance has been assessed by solving real-life itinerary planning problems defined on the Athens urban public transport network, providing fast and accurate solutions.
  • 11.

    【24hr】Next-Generation Automated Vehicle Location Systems: Positioning at the Lane Level

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    机译 下一代自动车辆定位系统：在车道上定位
    • 作者：Du J.;Barth M. J.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2008年第1期
    摘要：The majority of today''''s automated vehicle location (AVL) systems use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, which can provide position information with an accuracy of approximately 15 m. Recently, low-cost Differential GPS (DGPS) receivers, which have a positioning accuracy of approximate 2–3 m, have become available. With this increased accuracy, it is now possible to perform AVL down to specific roadway lanes. In this paper, a vehicle-lane-determining system is described, consisting of an onboard DGPS receiver that is connected with a wireless communications channel, a unique lane-level digital roadway database, a developed lane-matching algorithm, and a real-time vehicle location display. Lane-level positioning opens up the door for a number of new intelligent transportation system applications such as better fleet management, lane-based traffic measurements from probe vehicles, and lane-level navigation. The developed low-cost system has been tested on a number of roadways and has performed very well when used with accurately surveyed map data. Based on more than 100 000 s, it has correctly determined the lane 97% of the time.
  • 12.

    【24hr】Automatic Vehicle Detection Using Local Features—A Statistical Approach

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    机译 使用局部特征的自动车辆检测-一种统计方法
    摘要：This paper develops a novel statistical approach for automatic vehicle detection based on local features that are located within three significant subregions of the image. In the detection process, each subregion is projected onto its associated eigenspace and independent basis space to generate a principal components analysis (PCA) weight vector and an independent component analysis (ICA) coefficient vector, respectively. A likelihood evaluation process is then performed based on the estimated joint probability of the projection weight vectors and the coefficient vectors of the subregions with position information. The use of subregion position information minimizes the risk of false acceptances, whereas the use of PCA to model the low-frequency components of the eigenspace and ICA to model the high-frequency components of the residual space improves the tolerance of the detection process toward variations in the illumination conditions and vehicle pose. The use of local features not only renders the system more robust toward partial occlusions but also reduces the computational overhead. The computational costs are further reduced by eliminating the requirement for an ICA residual image reconstruction process and by computing the likelihood probability using a weighted Gaussian mixture model, whose parameters and weights are iteratively estimated using an expectation–maximization algorithm.
  • 13.

    【24hr】Fuzzy Control Model Optimization for Behavior-Consistent Traffic Routing Under Information Provision

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    机译 信息提供下行为一致的交通路线模糊控制模型优化
    • 作者：Paz A.;Peeta S.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2008年第1期
    摘要：This paper presents an H-infinity filtering approach to optimize a fuzzy control model used to determine behavior-consistent (BC) information-based control strategies to improve the performance of congested dynamic traffic networks. By adjusting the associated membership function parameters to better respond to nonlinearities and modeling errors, the approach is able to enhance the computational performance of the fuzzy control model. Computational efficiency is an important aspect in this problem context, because the information strategies are required in subreal time to be real-time deployable. Experiments are performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the approach. The results indicate that the optimized fuzzy control model contributes in determining the BC information-based control strategies in significantly less computational time than when the default controller is used. Hence, the proposed H-infinity approach contributes to the development of an efficient and robust information-based control approach.
  • 14.

    【24hr】Real-Time Incremental Segmentation and Tracking of Vehicles at Low Camera Angles Using Stable Features

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    机译 使用稳定功能在低摄像头角度对车辆进行实时增量分割和跟踪
    摘要：We present a method for segmenting and tracking vehicles on highways using a camera that is relatively low to the ground. At such low angles, 3-D perspective effects cause significant changes in appearance over time, as well as severe occlusions by vehicles in neighboring lanes. Traditional approaches to occlusion reasoning assume that the vehicles initially appear well separated in the image; however, in our sequences, it is not uncommon for vehicles to enter the scene partially occluded and remain so throughout. By utilizing a 3-D perspective mapping from the scene to the image, along with a plumb line projection, we are able to distinguish a subset of features whose 3-D coordinates can be accurately estimated. These features are then grouped to yield the number and locations of the vehicles, and standard feature tracking is used to maintain the locations of the vehicles over time. Additional features are then assigned to these groups and used to classify vehicles as cars or trucks. Our technique uses a single grayscale camera beside the road, incrementally processes image frames, works in real time, and produces vehicle counts with over 90% accuracy on challenging sequences.
  • 15.

    【24hr】Information-Theoretic Data Registration for UAV-Based Sensing

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    机译 基于无人机的传感的信息理论数据注册
    摘要：This paper presents a new approach to data fusion for automatic recognition, surveillance, and tracking in intelligent transportation systems. Robust data alignment (RDA), i.e., finding relational maps among a sequence of invariant feature data sets, is one of the key requirements for successful data fusion. To achieve RDA for correspondenceless data fusion, we construct a cost criterion based on the information theory and solve an optimization problem with a mixed search strategy that combines the Nelder–Mead simplex and random search methods. We evaluate the cost criterion and search strategy by a numerical stability test and suggest an outlier rejection technique for refining the previous feature data and, at the same time, extracting moving vehicles that are contained in the collected outliers. Experimental results on a video sequence that is collected from an unmanned aerial vehicle indicate the potential of aerial monitoring and tracking systems built on our information-theoretic RDA.
  • 16.

    【24hr】Neural–Fuzzy Gap Control for a Current/Voltage-Controlled 1/4-Vehicle MagLev System

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    机译 电流/电压控制的1/4车辆MagLev系统的神经模糊间隙控制
    摘要：A magnetically levitated (MagLev) vehicle prototype has independent levitation (attraction) and propulsion dynamics. We focus on the levitation behavior to obtain precise gap control of a 1/4 vehicle. An electromagnetic leviation system is highly nonlinear and naturally unstable, and its equilibrium region is severely restricted. It is therefore a tough task to achieve high-performance vehicle-levitated control. In this paper, a MagLev system is modeled by two self-organizing neural–fuzzy techniques to achieve linear and affine Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy systems. The corresponding linear-type optimal fuzzy controllers are then used to regulate both physical systems (voltage- and current-controlled systems). On the other hand, an affine-type fuzzy control design scheme is proposed for the affine-type systems. Control performance and robustness to an external disturbance are shown in simulation results. Affine T–S fuzzy representation provides one more adjustable parameter in the neural–fuzzy learning process. Therefore, an affine T–S-based controller possesses better performance for a current-controlled system since it is nonlinear not only to system states but also to system inputs. This phenomenon is shown in simulation results. Technical contributions include a nonlinear affine-type optimal fuzzy control design scheme, self-organizing neural-learning-based linear and affine T–S fuzzy modeling for both MagLev systems, and the achievement of an integrated neural–fuzzy technique to stabilize current- and voltage-controlled MagLev systems under minimal energy-consumption conditions.
  • 17.

    【24hr】Traffic-Responsive Linked Ramp-Metering Control

    包量

    机译 流量响应链接坡道计量控制
    摘要：A new traffic-responsive ramp-metering strategy is presented that coordinates local ramp-metering actions, thus enabling the linked control of the inflow from two (or more) consecutive on-ramps to the freeway mainstream. The proposed linked ramp-metering scheme is simple and utterly reactive, i.e., based on readily available real-time measurements without any need for real-time model calculations or external disturbance prediction. The well-known feedback strategy, known as Asservissement LINÉaire d''''EntrÉe AutoroutiÈre (ALINEA), is used at a local level. Simulation results are presented for a hypothetical freeway axis with two successive on-ramps. Some pitfalls and misapplications of the local ramp metering are also illustrated via appropriately designed simulation scenarios. The proposed linked strategy is demonstrated to outperform the uncoordinated local ramp metering and, thus, to increase the achievable control benefit over the no-control case. In fact, the new strategy is shown to reach the efficiency of sophisticated proactive optimal control schemes.
  • 18.

    【24hr】A Sampling Theorem Approach to Traffic Sensor Optimization

    包量

    机译 交通传感器优化的采样定理方法
    摘要：With the objective of minimizing the total cost, which includes both sensor and congestion costs, the authors adopted a novel sampling theorem approach to address the problem of sensor spacing optimization. This paper presents the analysis and modeling of the power spectral density of traffic information as a 2-D stochastic signal using highly detailed field data. The field data were captured by the Next-Generation SIMulation (NGSIM) program in 2005. To the best knowledge of the authors, field data with such a level of detail were previously unavailable. The resulting model enables the derivation of a characterization curve that relates sensor error to sensor spacing. The characterization curve, concurring in general with observations of a previous work, provides much more detail to facilitate sensor deployment. Based on the characterization curve and a formulation relating sensor error to congestion cost, the optimal sensor spacing that minimizes the total cost can be determined.
  • 19.

    【24hr】Ensemble of Multiple Pedestrian Representations

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    机译 多个行人代表的合奏
    • 作者：Nanni L.;Lumini A.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2008年第2期
    摘要：In this paper, a new approach for pedestrian detection is presented. We design an ensemble of classifiers that employ different feature representation schemes of the pedestrian images: Laplacian EigenMaps, Gabor filters, and invariant local binary patterns. Each ensemble is obtained by varying the patterns used to train the classifiers and extracting from each image two feature vectors for each feature extraction method: one for the upper part of the image and one for the lower part of the image. A different radial basis function support vector machine (SVM) classifier is trained using each feature vector; finally, these classifiers are combined by the “sum rule.” Experiments are performed on a large data set consisting of 4000 pedestrian and more than 25 000 nonpedestrian images captured in outdoor urban environments. Experimental results confirm that the different feature representations give complementary information, which has been exploited by fusion rules, and we have shown that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches among pedestrian detectors.
  • 20.

    【24hr】A Misapplication of the Local Ramp Metering Strategy ALINEA

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    机译 本地斜坡计量策略ALINEA的误用
    摘要：In a recent series of articles with largely identical contents and results, some claims are raised about the pertinence and performance of the well-known and widely field-applied local ramp metering algorithm ALINEA and of some extended versions thereof. The expressed claims are based on simulation results with a self-made microscopic simulator. This paper shows that the produced simulation results and derived conclusions are based on an insufficient understanding of the feedback character of the ALINEA algorithm, which led to an inappropriate application of the method. More specifically, the mainstream measurement that feeds ALINEA was misplaced so that any occurring congestion could not be monitored; this renders ALINEA blind to the traffic conditions under control and negates the very notion of feedback.
  • 21.

    【24hr】The Observability Problem in Traffic Models: Algebraic and Topological Methods

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    机译 交通模型中的可观察性问题：代数和拓扑方法
    摘要：This paper deals with the problem of observability of traffic networks, understanding as such the problem of identifying which is the subset of the origin–destination (OD)-pair and link flows that can be calculated based on a subset of observed OD-pair and link flows, and related problems. A modified topological version of an existing algebraic method for solving observability problems is given. The method is based on a step-by-step procedure, allowing us to update the information once each item of information (OD-pair or link flow) becomes available. In particular, three different observability problems are stated and solved using the proposed methodology, which is illustrated by its application to the Nguyen–Dupuis network and compared with the algebraic version. The topological version is much faster, uses much less memory, and presents no rounding errors or zero test problems but identifies fewer observable flows.
  • 22.

    【24hr】A Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Scheduling In-Vehicle Messages

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    机译 车载消息调度的动态规划算法
    摘要：In-vehicle information systems (IVISs) can enhance or compromise driving safety. Such systems present an array of messages that range from collision warnings and navigation instructions to tire pressure and e-mail alerts. If these messages are not properly managed, the IVIS might fail to provide the driver with critical information, which could undermine safety. In addition, if the IVIS simultaneously presents multiple messages, the driver may fail to attend to the most critical information. To date, only simple algorithms that use priority-based filters have been developed to address this problem. This paper presents a dynamic programming model that goes beyond the immediate relevance and urgency parameters of the current Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) message scheduling algorithm. The resulting algorithm considers the variation of message value over time, which extends the planning horizon and creates a more valuable stream of messages than that based only on the instantaneous message priority. This method has the potential to improve road safety because the most relevant information is displayed to drivers across time and not just the highest priority at any given instant. Applying this algorithm to message sets shows that scheduling that considers the time-based message value, in addition to priority, results in substantially different and potentially better message sequences compared with those based only on message priority. This method can be extended to manage driver workload by adjusting message timing relative to demanding driving maneuvers.
  • 23.

    【24hr】Binary-Representation-Based Genetic Algorithm for Aircraft Arrival Sequencing and Scheduling

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    机译 基于二进制表示的遗传算法在飞机进场排序与调度中的应用
    • 作者：Hu X.-B.;Di Paolo E.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2008年第2期
    摘要：Arrival sequencing and scheduling (ASS) at airports is an NP-hard problem. Much effort has been made to use permutation-representation-based genetic algorithms (GAs) to tackle this problem, whereas this paper attempts to design an efficient GA based on a binary representation of arriving queues. Rather than using the order and/or arriving time of each aircraft in the queue to construct chromosomes for GAs, this paper uses the neighboring relationship between each pair of aircraft, and the resulted chromosome is a 0-1-valued matrix. A big advantage of this binary representation is a highly efficient uniform crossover operator, which is normally not applicable to those permutation representations. The strategy of receding horizon control (RHC) is also integrated into the new GA to attack the dynamic ASS problem. An extensive comparative simulation study shows that the binary-representation-based GA outperforms the permutationrepresentation-based GA.
  • 24.

    【24hr】Online Behavior-Robust Feedback Information Routing Strategy for Mass Evacuation

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    机译 大规模疏散的在线行为鲁棒反馈信息路由策略
    摘要：Disaster response to manmade and natural events involves the quick evacuation of the affected population to safer areas. Given the potential for large-scale loss of life and property, there is a need for effective emergency strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of these disasters. Most existing evacuation traffic management strategies focus on increasing network capacity along the evacuation direction such as contraflow lanes, but other information or routing strategies have not been fully explored. Optimal routing strategies can be presented to evacuees as recommended routes. Advising evacuees that take system-optimal routes help balance the distribution of evacuation flows among multiple evacuation routes. However, a critical aspect in evaluating the effectiveness of such strategies is to properly account for the possible evacuation route-choice behavior. This study analyzed the situation in which evacuees are given a set of system-optimal paths; evacuees choose their evacuation routes, following a certain route-choice behavior (rational, panic, etc.). Discussions focus on the extent to which the routing effectiveness can be properly estimated, subject to the route-choice behavior. This paper further proposes a behavior-robust feedback information routing (FIR) strategy to further improve system performance. The FIR is based on the concept of closed-loop control that reacts to the system state and updates the advised routes. The FIR that targets the system-optimal routing strategy has been shown to be effective and robust for real-time evacuation traffic management.
  • 25.

    【24hr】Video-Based Automatic Incident Detection for Smart Roads: The Outdoor Environmental Challenges Regarding False Alarms

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    机译 基于视频的智能道路自动事件检测：室外环境对虚假警报的挑战
    摘要：Video-based automatic incident detection (AID) systems are increasingly being used in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Video-based AID is a promising method of incident detection. However, the accuracy of video-based AID is heavily affected by environmental factors such as shadows, snow, rain, and glare. This paper presents a review of the different work done in the literature to detect outdoor environmental factors, namely, static shadows, snow, rain, and glare. Once these environmental conditions are detected, they can be compensated for, and hence, the accuracy of alarms detected by video-based AID systems will be enhanced. Based on the presented review, this paper will highlight potential research directions to address gaps that currently exist in detecting outdoor environmental conditions. This will lead to an overall enhancement in the reliability of video-based AID systems and, hence, pave the road for more usage of these systems in the future. Last, this paper suggests new contributions in the form of new suggested algorithmic ideas to detect environmental factors that affect AID systems accuracy.
  • 26.

    【24hr】A Roadside ITS Data Bus Prototype for Intelligent Highways

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    机译 智能高速公路的路边ITS数据总线原型
    • 作者：Cai H.;Lin Y.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2008年第2期
    摘要：Intelligent transport systems (ITSs) usually include three principal elements: vehicle, driver, and road (or, more generally, the environment). The use of ITS data bus (IDB) has been proposed to build sharable standard interfaces for in-vehicle information systems. Despite broadband communication technologies, such as dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), which have been developed to provide high-quality roadside–vehicle communication services for intelligent highways, the existing IDB model has not paid enough attention to the demands of information exchanges between the roadside and onboard units. In this paper, a new model of the roadside IDB (RIDB) is proposed to improve the existing IDB architecture. The physical layer, data-link layer, and application layer of the new model are also discussed. A prototype system of the RIDB, which is based on the wireless 802.11b protocol, has been developed in a test site. The experimental results demonstrated that the RIDB is feasible to provide high-quality roadside–vehicle and roadside–roadside communication services. Other potential applications of the IDB, such as probe cars and intersection collision prevention, are also discussed. The RIDB proposed in this paper is potentially useful for the construction of an intelligent transport infrastructure.
  • 27.

    【24hr】ATOMS: Air Traffic Operations and Management Simulator

    包量

    机译 ATOMS：空中交通运营和管理模拟器
    摘要：In this paper, we introduce the Air Traffic Operations and Management Simulator (ATOMS), which is an air traffic and airspace modeling and simulation system for the analysis of free-flight concepts. This paper describes the design, architecture, functionality, and applications of the ATOMS. It is an intent-based simulator that discretizes the airspace in equal-sized hyperrectangular cells to maintain intent reference points. It can simulate end-to-end airspace operations and air navigation procedures for conventional air traffic, as well as for free flight. Atmospheric and wind data that are modeled in the ATOMS result in accurate trajectory predictions. The ATOMS uses a multiagent-based modeling paradigm for modular design and easy integration of various air traffic subsystems. A variety of advanced air traffic management (ATM) concepts that are envisioned in free flight are prototyped in the ATOMS, including airborne separation assurance (ASA), cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI), weather avoidance, and decision support systems (DSSs). Experimental results indicate that advanced ATM concepts make a sound case for free flight; however, there is a need to investigate and understand their complex interaction under nonnominal scenarios.
  • 28.

    【24hr】Vehicle–Vehicle Channel Models for the 5-GHz Band

    包量

    机译 5 GHz频段的车载通道模型
    • 作者：Sen I.;Matolak D. W.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2008年第2期
    摘要：In this paper, we describe the results of a channel measurement and modeling campaign for the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) channel in the 5-GHz band. We describe measurements and results for delay spread, amplitude statistics, and correlations for multiple V2V environments. We also discuss considerations used in developing statistical channel models for these environments and provide some sample results. Several statistical channel models are presented, and using simulation results, we elucidate tradeoffs between model implementation complexity and fidelity. The channel models presented should be useful for system designers in future V2V communication systems.
  • 29.

    【24hr】Control of Freeway Traffic Flow in Unstable Phase by $H_{infty}$ Theory

    包量

    机译 运用$ H_ {infty} $理论控制不稳定阶段的高速公路交通流量
    摘要：This paper devises a freeway controller that is capable of stabilizing traffic flow when the traffic system is in the unstable (congested) phase, in which a shock wave is likely to occur in the presence of any inhomogeneity and where the system is on the verge of a jam condition. Two types of traffic controllers are developed through the use of either a speed command approach that can be implemented in an intelligent transportation system (ITS) or ramp metering that is a typical way of preventing a freeway from overloading. By means of the feedback linearization technique, the discretized macroscopic traffic flow model is reformulated, in which the desired change of volume in each section is treated as a virtual input. By exploring the casual relations among density, speed, and flow change, the corresponding speed commands can be determined. The traffic flow control problem is formulated as an $H_{infty}$ control design problem so that uncertainties that are associated with the macroscopic model can be taken into account. Simulations show that the devised controller can effectively stabilize the traffic flow in the unstable phase. Design flexibilities associated with the method are also discussed.
  • 30.

    【24hr】Pedestrian Detection and Tracking Using a Mixture of View-Based Shape–Texture Models

    包量

    机译 基于视图的形状纹理模型混合的行人检测和跟踪
    摘要：This paper presents a robust multicue approach to the integrated detection and tracking of pedestrians in a cluttered urban environment. A novel spatiotemporal object representation is proposed, which combines a generative shape model and a discriminative texture classifier, both of which are composed of a mixture of pose-specific submodels. Shape is represented by a set of linear subspace models, which is an extension of point distribution models, with shape transitions being modeled by a first-order Markov process. Texture, i.e., the shape-normalized intensity pattern, is represented by a manifold that is implicitly delimited by a set of pattern classifiers, whereas texture transition is modeled by a random walk. Direct 3-D measurements that are provided by a stereo system are further incorporated into the observation density function. We employ a Bayesian framework based on particle filtering to achieve integrated object detection and tracking. Large-scale experiments that involve pedestrian detection and tracking from a moving vehicle demonstrate the benefit of the proposed approach.
  • 31.

    【24hr】Genetic Programming for the Automatic Design of Controllers for a Surface Ship

    包量

    机译 用于水面舰艇控制器自动设计的遗传程序设计
    摘要：In this paper, the implementation of genetic programming (GP) to design a controller structure is assessed. GP is used to evolve control strategies that, given the current and desired state of the propulsion and heading dynamics of a supply ship as inputs, generate the commanded forces required to maneuver the ship. The controllers created using GP are evaluated through computer simulations and real maneuverability tests in a laboratory water basin facility. The robustness of each controller is analyzed through the simulation of environmental disturbances. In addition, GP runs in the presence of disturbances are carried out so that the different controllers obtained can be compared. The particular vessel used in this paper is a scale model of a supply ship called CyberShip II. The results obtained illustrate the benefits of using GP for the automatic design of propulsion and navigation controllers for surface ships.
  • 32.

    【24hr】Vehicle Detector Deployment Strategies for the Estimation of Network Origin–Destination Demands Using Partial Link Traffic Counts

    包量

    机译 使用部分链路流量计数来估计网络始发地-目的地需求的车辆检测器部署策略
    • 作者：Hu S.-R.;Wang C.-M.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2008年第2期
    摘要：Making valid inferences about network origin–destination (OD) demands from limited link traffic count data requires a carefully structured data-collection strategy. Determination of the required number of vehicle detectors (VDs) and their installation in strategic locations for OD estimation purposes is essentially a network location problem. In this paper, a mathematical programming framework based on a user equilibrium assumption was developed to determine the most desirable locations for the deployment of VDs. A linearly independent model was also developed to deal with the network location problem. Proposed models were evaluated under different network sizes and varying OD demand levels. Numerical results are explained. These findings can beneficially contribute to the preparation of a desirable VD deployment plan in a general network.
  • 33.

    【24hr】The Heterogeneous Systems Integration Design and Implementation for Lane Keeping on a Vehicle

    包量

    机译 车辆车道保持的异构系统集成设计与实现
    摘要：In this paper, an intelligent automated lane-keeping system is proposed and implemented on our vehicle platform, i.e., TAIWAN $i$TS-1. This system challenges the online integrating heterogeneous systems such as a real-time vision system, a lateral controller, in-vehicle sensors, and a steering wheel actuating motor. The implemented vision system detects the lane markings ahead of the vehicle, regardless of the varieties in road appearance, and determines the desired trajectory based on the relative positions of the vehicle with respect to the center of the road. To achieve more humanlike driving behavior such as smooth turning, particularly at high levels of speed, a fuzzy gain scheduling (FGS) strategy is introduced to compensate for the feedback controller for appropriately adapting to the SW command. Instead of manual tuning by trial and error, the methodology of FGS is designed to ensure that the closed-loop system can satisfy the crossover model principle. The proposed integrated system is examined on the standard testing road at the Automotive Research and Testing Center (ARTC)www.artc.org.tw. and extraurban highways.
  • 34.

    【24hr】Real-Time Speed Sign Detection Using the Radial Symmetry Detector

    包量

    机译 使用径向对称检测器的实时速度信号检测
    摘要：Algorithms for classifying road signs have a high computational cost per pixel processed. A detection stage that has a lower computational cost can facilitate real-time processing. Various authors have used shape and color-based detectors. Shape-based detectors have an advantage under variable lighting conditions and sign deterioration that, although the apparent color may change, the shape is preserved. In this paper, we present the radial symmetry detector for detecting speed signs. We evaluate the detector itself in a system that is mounted within a road vehicle. We also evaluate its performance that is integrated with classification over a series of sequences from roads around Canberra and demonstrate it while running online in our road vehicle. We show that it can detect signs with high reliability in real time. We examine the internal parameters of the algorithm to adapt it to road sign detection. We demonstrate the stability of the system under the variation of these parameters and show computational speed gains through their tuning. The detector is demonstrated to work under a wide variety of visual conditions.
  • 35.

    【24hr】License Plate Recognition From Still Images and Video Sequences: A Survey

    包量

    机译 从静止图像和视频序列识别车牌：一项调查
    摘要：License plate recognition (LPR) algorithms in images or videos are generally composed of the following three processing steps: 1) extraction of a license plate region; 2) segmentation of the plate characters; and 3) recognition of each character. This task is quite challenging due to the diversity of plate formats and the nonuniform outdoor illumination conditions during image acquisition. Therefore, most approaches work only under restricted conditions such as fixed illumination, limited vehicle speed, designated routes, and stationary backgrounds. Numerous techniques have been developed for LPR in still images or video sequences, and the purpose of this paper is to categorize and assess them. Issues such as processing time, computational power, and recognition rate are also addressed, when available. Finally, this paper offers to researchers a link to a public image database to define a common reference point for LPR algorithmic assessment.
  • 36.

    【24hr】PRISM: An In-Vehicle CPU-Oriented Novel Azimuth Estimation Technique for Electronic-Scan 76-GHz Adaptive-Cruise-Control Radar System

    包量

    机译 PRISM：面向电子扫描76 GHz自适应巡航控制雷达系统的面向车载CPU的新型方位角估计技术
    • 作者：Shirakawa K.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2008年第3期
    摘要：In this paper, we have developed a novel azimuth-estimation technique for 76-GHz adaptive-cruise-control radar systems. To resolve the rank deficiency of the signal covariance matrix and to decrease the influence of dominant noise components, we used an improved SS technique. To balance computational cost with azimuth resolution for in-vehicle implementation, we introduced a projection matrix kernel, which formally is similar to that of beamforming (BF) and semantically similar to that of the propagator method. Our technique is called the PRopagator method based on an Improved Spatial-smoothing Matrix (PRISM). Incorrectly estimating the number of targets causes the conventional BF, subspace-based (SB), or maximum-likelihood methods to produce many false spectrum peaks on the relative azimuth-to-distance plane. We omitted the process of estimating the number of targets, which requires high computational power, because our projection matrix kernel strongly suppresses these false peaks. We conducted numerical experiments using an electronic-scan radar system to examine the performance of PRISM. Compared to conventional SB methods, PRISM requires SNRs that are 2–3 dB higher but has competitive azimuth resolution at a centesimal fraction of the computational cost.
  • 37.

    【24hr】State of the Art in Vehicle Active Suspension Adaptive Control Systems Based on Intelligent Methodologies

    包量

    机译 基于智能方法的车辆主动悬架自适应控制系统的发展现状
    摘要：This paper reviews computational-intelligence-involved approaches in active vehicle suspension control systems with a focus on the problems raised in practical implementations by their nonlinear and uncertain properties. After a brief introduction on active suspension models, the paper explores the state of the art in fuzzy inference systems, neural networks, genetic algorithms, and their combination for suspension control issues. Discussions and comments are provided based on the reviewed simulation and experimental results. The paper is concluded with remarks and future directions.
  • 38.

    【24hr】The Effect of Lane-Change Maneuvers on a Simplified Car-Following Theory

    包量

    机译 换道操纵对简化跟车理论的影响
    • 作者：Chao Wang;Coifman B.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2008年第3期
    摘要：This paper investigates the linearity of empirically observed spacing–speed relations for various drivers in the context of car-following theory and how lane-change maneuvers perturb the relation. It is shown that the impacts of lane-change maneuvers are not balanced, and the response time to an exiting vehicle is much longer than the response time to an entering vehicle. This accommodation imbalance will propagate upstream, and as discussed herein, it appears to be a source of speed and flow fluctuations (or oscillations) within a queue. This paper is motivated by Newell''''s simplified car-following theory, namely, that during congested periods, the trajectory of a given vehicle is essentially identical to the preceding vehicle''''s trajectory, except for a translation in space and time. One of the basic assumptions in Newell''''s presentation is that spacing and speed are linearly related. While other researchers have found macroscopic evidence supporting Newell''''s theory, they have also found that it fails in the presence of frequent lane-change maneuvers. This paper takes a microscopic approach, employing vehicle trajectory data. This paper provides support for Newell''''s assumed linear relation between spacing and speed over a large range of speeds when vehicles are not impacted by lane-change maneuvers. It also offers a possible explanation for the degraded performance of Newell''''s theory in the presence of heavy lane-change maneuvers. Although the focus is on Newell''''s simplified car-following theory, the empirical results of this paper have similar implications for many other car-following theories as well.
  • 39.

    【24hr】Onboard Measurement and Warning Module for Irregular Vehicle Behavior

    包量

    机译 车载测量和警告模块，用于不规则的车辆行为
    摘要：This paper develops an onboard decision module for issuing appropriate warnings when the equipped vehicle''s traveling trajectory is irregular. Potential vehicle accidents exist if the driver is distracted by fatigue, drowsiness, food, phone use, and talking or is under the influence of alcohol or drugs, etc. Usual freeway accidents include lateral and rear-end collisions. Detecting vehicle behavior is a good way to measure the security of driving. This paper presents two modules. An Unexpected Lane Departure Avoidance Module is utilized to prevent lateral collision. This module issues warnings when the vehicle approaches an irregular departure from the middle of the lane. Radial basis probability networks are applied to distinguish between normal lane change and lane departure. A Rear-End Collision Avoidance Module is used to issue warnings to avoid longitudinal accidents. This module reflects driver perceptions of environmental influence with a warning value and the warning threshold by neural networks and fuzzy membership functions, respectively. The proposed modules are satisfactory according to simulations and field tests.
  • 40.

    【24hr】Design of the Radiation Pattern of Infrared Short-Range Communication Systems for Electronic-Toll-Collection Applications

    包量

    机译 电子收费应用的红外短距离通信系统辐射方向图设计
    摘要：This paper proposes a very simple method for enhancing the performance of infrared electronic-toll-collection systems. Using two typical low-cost commercial LEDs with different half-intensity angles, the radiation pattern of the emitting module of an infrared short-range communication system for electronic-toll-collection applications is designed. This enables us to construct a system that has an extended communication region and can withstand high signal attenuation. When the module is fabricated with a proper combination of the numbers of these two different LEDs, together with a suitable mounting angle of each LED, an effective radiation pattern is obtained. The mounting angle of each LED is found with the aid of an optimization algorithm. The performances of three different designs are compared in terms of signal strength, communication length, and 2-D communication region. The results show that a module consisting of ten LEDs divided into three groups, with each group having a proper mounting angle and containing an appropriate number of LEDs, can have much better performance than conventional single-group unidirectional designs. The influence of the defect of the radiation pattern, which may happen on many LEDs, on system performance is also discussed. The results of the analysis are confirmed by experimental measurements.
  • 41.

    【24hr】A Novel Signal-Scheduling Algorithm With Quality-of-Service Provisioning for an Isolated Intersection

    包量

    机译 一种具有服务质量的隔离交叉口信号调度新算法
    摘要：There have been countless efforts directed toward efficiently controlling the flow of vehicular traffic through an intersection. This paper describes an algorithm designed for the signal control problem that employs concepts drawn from the field of packet switching in computer networks. The novel method proposed utilizes a maximal weight matching algorithm to minimize the queue sizes at each approach, yielding significantly lower average vehicle delay through the intersection. Of particular interest are scenarios in which differentiated services are offered to vehicle classes with differing priorities. Lyapunov function-based analysis is provided, deriving the conditions under which the system is guaranteed to be stable. The algorithm is compared to an optimized fixed-time controller and a vehicle-actuated controller using the VISSIM traffic simulation environment. Simulation results demonstrate the performance gain obtained when using the proposed scheme, particularly in the scenario in which vehicle routes are unequally distributed, and multiple classes of service are desired.
  • 42.

    【24hr】Predicting Real-Time Roadside CO and Concentrations Using Neural Networks

    包量

    机译 使用神经网络预测路边实时CO和浓度
    摘要：The main aim of this paper is to develop a model based on neural network (NN) theory to estimate real-time roadside CO and $hbox{NO}_{2}$ concentrations using traffic and meteorological condition data. The location of the study site is at a road intersection in Melton Mowbray, which is a town in Leicestershire, U.K. Several NNs, which can be classified into three types, namely, the multilayer perceptron, the radial basis function, and the modular network, were developed to model the nonlinear relationships that exist in the pollutant concentrations. Their performances are analyzed and compared. The transferability of the developed models is studied using data collected from a road intersection in another city. It was concluded that all NNs provide reliable estimates of pollutant concentrations using limited information and noisy data.
  • 43.

    【24hr】Scanning Laser Radar-Based Target Position Designation for Parking Aid System

    包量

    机译 基于扫描激光雷达的停车辅助系统目标位置指定
    摘要：Recently, customers have shown a growing interest in parking aid products. A parking aid system consists of target position designation, path planning, and parking guidance by user interface or path tracking by active steering. For target position designation, various sensors and signal processing technologies have been tried. In the case of parallel parking, an ultrasonic sensor-based method plays a dominant role. In the case of perpendicular parking, a graphical user interface (GUI)-based method and a parking slot marking-based method have been commercialized. However, methods developed for the recognition of free parking space between vehicles have their respective drawbacks. This paper proposes a method for the recognition of free parking space between vehicles using scanning laser radar. This proposed method consists of range data preprocessing, corner detection, and target parking position designation. The authors developed a novel corner-detection method consisting of rectangular corner detection and round corner detection. The newly developed corner detection is unaffected by cluster orientation and the range data interval and is robust to noise. Experimental results showed that even in situations where other methods failed, the proposed scanning laser radar-based method could designate target parking position to viable free parking space. The recognition rate was 98.21%, and the average processing time was about 600 ms. Finally, it is argued that the proposed method will eventually be a practical solution because of the decreasing price of scanning laser radar and multiple-function integration strategies.
  • 44.

    【24hr】An Efficient Approach to Onboard Stereo Vision System Pose Estimation

    包量

    机译 一种有效的机载立体视觉系统姿态估计方法
    摘要：This paper presents an efficient technique for estimating the pose of an onboard stereo vision system relative to the environment''s dominant surface area, which is supposed to be the road surface. Unlike previous approaches, it can be used either for urban or highway scenarios since it is not based on a specific visual traffic feature extraction but on 3-D raw data points. The whole process is performed in the Euclidean space and consists of two stages. Initially, a compact 2-D representation of the original 3-D data points is computed. Then, a RANdom SAmple Consensus (RANSAC) based least-squares approach is used to fit a plane to the road. Fast RANSAC fitting is obtained by selecting points according to a probability function that takes into account the density of points at a given depth. Finally, stereo camera height and pitch angle are computed related to the fitted road plane. The proposed technique is intended to be used in driver-assistance systems for applications such as vehicle or pedestrian detection. Experimental results on urban environments, which are the most challenging scenarios (i.e., flat/uphill/downhill driving, speed bumps, and car''s accelerations), are presented. These results are validated with manually annotated ground truth. Additionally, comparisons with previous works are presented to show the improvements in the central processing unit processing time, as well as in the accuracy of the obtained results.
  • 45.

    【24hr】Lane-Change Fuzzy Control in Autonomous Vehicles for the Overtaking Maneuver

    包量

    机译 自动驾驶汽车超车变道模糊控制
    摘要：The automation of the overtaking maneuver is considered to be one of the toughest challenges in the development of autonomous vehicles. This operation involves two vehicles (the overtaking and the overtaken) cooperatively driving, as well as the surveillance of any other vehicles that are involved in the maneuver. This operation consists of two lane changes—one from the right to the left lane of the road, and the other is to return to the right lane after passing. Lane-change maneuvers have been used to move into or out of a circulation lane or platoon; however, overtaking operations have not received much coverage in the literature. In this paper, we present an overtaking system for autonomous vehicles equipped with path-tracking and lane-change capabilities. The system uses fuzzy controllers that mimic human behavior and reactions during overtaking maneuvers. The system is based on the information that is supplied by a high-precision Global Positioning System and a wireless network environment. It is able to drive an automated vehicle and overtake a second vehicle that is driving in the same lane of the road.
  • 46.

    【24hr】Learning, Modeling, and Classification of Vehicle Track Patterns from Live Video

    包量

    机译 通过实时视频学习，建模和分类车辆轨迹模式
    摘要：This paper presents two different types of visual activity analysis modules based on vehicle tracking. The highway monitoring module accurately classifies vehicles into eight different types and collects traffic flow statistics by leveraging tracking information. These statistics are continuously accumulated to maintain daily highway models that are used to categorize traffic flow in real time. The path modeling block is a more general analysis tool that learns the normal motions encountered in a scene in an unsupervised fashion. The spatiotemporal motion characteristics of these motion paths are encoded by a hidden Markov model. With the path definitions, abnormal trajectories are detected and future intent is predicted. These modules add real-time situational awareness to highway monitoring for high-level activity and behavior analysis.
  • 47.

    【24hr】Fuzzy Fusion of Eyelid Activity Indicators for Hypovigilance-Related Accident Prediction

    包量

    机译 眼睑活动指标的模糊融合与低警惕性相关的事故预测
    摘要：In this paper, a fuzzy expert system (FES) for the detection of the physiological manifestations of extreme hypovigilance is presented. A large number of features that describe the eyelid activity of drivers is examined, and fuzzy logic is used for the fusion of the most prominent features to not only increase the accident prediction accuracy but also provide a reliable system that generates a small number of false warnings. For the development and testing of the system, driving simulator data from 35 drowsy subjects were used. In addition, a secondary control group of 13 alert drivers was used for the estimation of the trained system''s false alarm ratio. The results show that a fuzzy combination of eyelid activity parameters may lead to a system with high sensitivity and specificity in predicting sleep onset and related accidents.
  • 48.

    【24hr】Development of an Adaptive Workload Management System Using the Queueing Network-Model Human Processor (QN-MHP)

    包量

    机译 使用排队网络模型人处理器（QN-MHP）的自适应工作量管理系统的开发
    摘要：The risk of vehicle collisions significantly increases when drivers are overloaded with information from in-vehicle systems. One of the solutions to this problem is developing adaptive workload management systems (AWMSs) to dynamically control the rate of messages from these in-vehicle systems. However, existing AWMSs do not use a model of the driver cognitive system to estimate workload and only suppress or redirect in-vehicle system messages, without changing their rate based on driver workload. In this paper, we propose a prototype of a new queueing network-model human processor AWMS (QN-MHP AWMS), which includes a queueing network model of driver workload that estimates the driver workload in several driving situations and a message controller that determines the optimal delay times between messages and dynamically controls the rate of messages presented to drivers. Given the task information of a secondary task, the QN-MHP AWMS adapted the rate of messages to the driving conditions (i.e., speeds and curvatures) and driver characteristics (i.e., age). A corresponding experimental study was conducted to validate the potential effectiveness of this system in reducing driver workload and improving driver performance. Further development of the QN-MHP AWMS, including its use in in-vehicle system design and possible implementation in vehicles, is discussed.
  • 49.

    【24hr】Space-Based Passing Time Estimation on a Freeway Using Cell Phones as Traffic Probes

    包量

    机译 使用手机作为交通探针的高速公路上基于空间的通过时间估计
    摘要：This paper examines the usability of mobile cellular networks to obtain traffic information on a freeway. The question of whether a mobile station (cell phone) can play an acceptable role as a probe for collecting traffic information on a freeway is examined. A space-based approach, wherein the probe vehicles transmit information to roadside devices as they pass through reference points, is exploited rather than a time-based approach, wherein the probe vehicles report information for every specific instant of time. The latter has been of concern to most researchers interested in the use of a mobile cellular network for collecting traffic data. First, a simple analytical model is introduced to address the usability of cell phones as traffic probes and to pinpoint which factors affect the qualification of probe phones when the space-based approach is adopted. Second, simulation experiments are also employed to deal with more realistic traffic conditions as supplementary tools for the analytical model. Finally, the actual traffic data on a freeway was considered to validate the above two hypothesized traffic conditions. The findings show that there are three main factors that affect the qualification of cell phones as a traffic probe: 1) the speed profile of the probe phone in cell coverage; 2) the variability of handoff location where the probe phone switches its jurisdictional cell; and 3) the locational relationship between a reference point and a speed jump (or drop) point in cell coverage.
  • 50.

    【24hr】Robust Road Modeling and Tracking Using Condensation

    包量

    机译 使用冷凝进行稳健的道路建模和跟踪
    摘要：In this paper, we present a robust road detection and tracking method based on a condensation particle filter for real-time video-based navigation applications. The image is divided into horizontal strips, and vanishing point (VP) detection is performed on each image strip. We propose a method for estimating the density of road boundary line segments in the image so that VP detection in an image strip takes into account the detection results in the neighboring image strips. This use of contextual information for VP detection leads to more accurate detection results. The estimated road parameters are then used to initialize the condensation tracker. Experiments using real road videos demonstrate the robustness of our method to difficult road conditions due to the presence of partial occlusion, shadows, and road signs.
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