Anonymous speech is not specifically mentioned in the First Amendment, or anywhere else in the Constitution. However, anonymous speech is indisputably protected and has a prominent place in American history. For instance, the Federalist Papers were written under pseudonyms by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, and courts have long protected the right to publish anonymously. Yet, as a recent case involving Twitter shows, courts will sometimes, under certain conditions, authorize the disclosure of the identities of anonymous speakers.
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