A novel 3-D indoor ray-tracing propagation model: the pathgenerator and evaluation of narrow-band and wide-band predictions

摘要

A novel three-dimensional (3-D) ray-tracing model capable ofnsupporting detailed representation of the indoor environment, as well asnexternal building structures, is presented in this paper. The developednalgorithm uses a hybrid imaging technique where the two-dimensionaln(2-D) image generations in vertical and horizontal planes are combinednto produce 3-D paths. It also employs the concept of “illuminationnzones” of the images which greatly simplifies the image map andnallows the evaluation of complex indoor scenarios. In order toninvestigate the accuracy of the presented model, comparisons ofnpredictions with narrow-band and wide-band measurements are performed innline-of-sight (LOS), non-LOS (NLOS), and deep shadow areas, both for co-nand cross-polarized antennas. The analysis shows that accurate powernpredictions can be achieved for both antenna polarizations with rmsnerrors less than 7 dB, even when long sections of the test route are inndeep shadow areas. There is a trend agreement between the simulated andnmeasured channel impulse responses, while the rms delay spread in NLOSnareas is predicted with less than 5-ns rms error (or better than 13%nnormalized mean error). The paper provides an insight into the real andnthe modeled radio channel