The output noise of continuous-time active filters is analysed inngeneral terms by directly inserting device noise sources in annequivalent block diagram. This removes some of the restrictions imposednby previous methods of noise-source referral and permits more meaningfulnanalytical optimisation. Design recommendations for minimising noise inna wide range of realisations then emerge. This allows performancencomparisons of active-RC, active-R and OTA-C circuits
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